{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T17:07:49Z","timestamp":1761498469193,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007821","name":"University of Tartu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T08:33:44Z","timestamp":1625128424000},"page":"101759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Immunosuppressants and immune modulators in luminal gastroenterology"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54-55","author":[{"given":"Alastair","family":"Forbes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.138","article-title":"Opportunistic infections with anti-tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"108","author":"Ford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.433","article-title":"Crohn's disease activity and concomitant immunosuppressants affect the risk of serious and opportunistic infections in patients treated with adalimumab","volume":"111","author":"Osterman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-012-0686-9","article-title":"A prospective analysis of the incidence of and risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"48","author":"Naganuma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318484","article-title":"British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults","author":"Lamb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21458","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring of thiopurines in patients with inadequately controlled inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Haines","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.03.037","article-title":"Appropriate therapeutic drug monitoring of biologic agents for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"17","author":"Papamichael","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406303302601","article-title":"Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy","volume":"330","author":"Lichtiger","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1112168","article-title":"Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in active ulcerative colitis","volume":"367","author":"Sandborn","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30003-6","article-title":"Infliximab versus ciclosporin for steroid- resistant acute severe ulcerative colitis (CONSTRUCT): a mixed methods, open- label, pragmatic randomised trial","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib10","first-page":"CD000478","article-title":"Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis","volume":"5","author":"Timmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050516","article-title":"Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis","volume":"353","author":"Rutgeerts","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.10.052","article-title":"Combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine is superior to monotherapy with either agent in ulcerative colitis","volume":"146","author":"Panaccione","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.242","article-title":"Four-year maintenance treatment with adalimumab in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: data from ULTRA 1, 2, and 3","volume":"109","author":"Colombel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.05.048","article-title":"Subcutaneous golimumab induces clinical response and remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis","volume":"146","author":"Sandborn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.08.044","article-title":"Efficacy of vedolizumab induction and maintenance therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis, regardless of prior exposure to tumor necrosis factor antagonists","volume":"15","author":"Feagan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1905725","article-title":"Vedolizumab versus adalimumab for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis","volume":"381","author":"Sands","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14422","article-title":"Systematic review with network meta-analysis: first- and second-line pharmacotherapy for moderate-severe ulcerative colitis","volume":"47","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.006","article-title":"AGA clinical practice guidelines on the management of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis","volume":"158","author":"Feuerstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S219","DOI":"10.1016\/S1873-9946(14)60490-6","article-title":"Prospective withdrawal trial of azathioprine in ulcerative colitis","volume":"8","author":"Pratico","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib20","first-page":"CD000067","article-title":"Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease","volume":"10","author":"Chande","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.10.011","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of immunosuppressants and biologics for inducing and maintaining remission in Crohn's disease: a network meta-analysis","volume":"148","author":"Hazlewood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e326","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000326","article-title":"PRISMA--efficacy and safety of vedolizumab for inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000979","article-title":"Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease in patients na\u00efve to or who have failed tumor necrosis factor antagonist therapy","volume":"23","author":"Sands","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib24","first-page":"412","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of vedolizumab for Crohn's disease","volume":"11","author":"Vermeire","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602773","article-title":"Ustekinumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease","volume":"375","author":"Feagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.79","article-title":"ACG Clinical Guidelines: diagnosis and management of celiac disease","volume":"108","author":"Rubio-Tapia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306578","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of adult coeliac disease: guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology","volume":"63","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy383","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: optimal salvage therapy in acute severe ulcerative colitis","volume":"25","author":"Choy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9896","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7125506","article-title":"Recognising and managing refractory coeliac disease: a tertiary centre experience","volume":"7","author":"Nasr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9270(02)04387-3","article-title":"Azathioprine in refractory sprue: results from a prospective, open-label study","volume":"97","author":"Maurino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05154.x","article-title":"Tioguanine in the treatment of refractory coeliac disease \u2013 a single centre experience","volume":"36","author":"Tack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00718.x","article-title":"Cyclosporin in the treatment of adults with refractory coeliac disease","volume":"14","author":"Wahab","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000497","article-title":"Checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis","volume":"115","author":"Bellaguarda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0412-0","article-title":"Infliximab associated with faster symptom resolution compared with steroids alone for the management of immune-related enterocolitis","volume":"11","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib35","first-page":"e7","article-title":"Emerging role of vedolizumab in managing refractory immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced enteritis","volume":"5","author":"Diana","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-020-00427-w","article-title":"Targeted therapies for eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"34","author":"Lucendo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759_bib37","first-page":"1460491","article-title":"Update on the medical management of gastrointestinal Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease","volume":"v2017","author":"Lopalco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521691821000391?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521691821000391?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T17:02:58Z","timestamp":1761498178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521691821000391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S1521691821000391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6918"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1521-6918"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Immunosuppressants and immune modulators in luminal gastroenterology","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2021.101759","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101759"}}