{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:40:17Z","timestamp":1791895217230,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T04:46:03Z","timestamp":1731559563000},"page":"101957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prognostic models in acute liver failure-historic evolution and newer updates \u201cprognostic models in acute liver failure\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4193-2579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Panackel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiser","family":"Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0458-1626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Fawas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.12.003","article-title":"EASL clinical practical guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure","volume":"66","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.016","article-title":"Acute liver failure: a curable disease by 2024?","volume":"62","author":"Bernal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.03.017","article-title":"Liver transplantation for acute liver failure in Europe: outcomes over 20 years from the ELTR database","volume":"57","author":"Germani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib4","first-page":"282","article-title":"The management of fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"3","author":"Trey","year":"1970","journal-title":"Prog Liver Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20703","article-title":"AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure","volume":"41","author":"Polson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90081-4","article-title":"Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"97","author":"O'Grady","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.02.010","article-title":"Lessons from look-back in acute liver failure? A single centre experience of 3300 patients","volume":"59","author":"Bernal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-12-200212170-00007","article-title":"Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States","volume":"137","author":"Ostapowicz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"10201","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31894-X","article-title":"Acute liver failure","volume":"394","author":"Stravitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8866","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91818-7","article-title":"Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes","volume":"342","author":"O'Grady","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13943","article-title":"Acute liver failure in Scotland: changes in aetiology and outcomes over time (the Scottish Look-Back Study)","volume":"45","author":"Donnelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000565","article-title":"Acute liver failure: biomarkers evaluated by the acute liver failure study group","volume":"14","author":"Rakela","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20289","article-title":"Mutimer D.J. Outcomes following liver transplantation for seronegative acute liver failure: experience during a 12-year period with more than 100 patients","volume":"11","author":"Wigg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00066-2","article-title":"Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"22","author":"Lidofsky","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.148636","article-title":"Recent advances in management of acute liver failure","volume":"19","author":"Panackel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2020.04.012","article-title":"Indian national association for the study of the liver consensus statement on acute liver failure (Part 1): epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation and prognosis","volume":"10","author":"Anand","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.12.025","article-title":"Acute liver failure prognostic scores: is good enough good enough?","volume":"14","author":"Kamath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.1135","article-title":"Acute liver failure: Indian perspective","volume":"18","author":"Acharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.10.024","article-title":"Timing and benefit of liver transplantation in acute liver failure","volume":"60","author":"O'Grady","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2008.00368.x","article-title":"Re-evaluation of the Guideline published by the Acute Liver Failure Study Group of Japan in 1996 to determine the indications of liver transplantation in patients with fulminant hepatitis","volume":"38","author":"Mochida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199508000-00002","article-title":"Orthotopic liver transplantation in fulminant and subfulminant hepatitis. The Paul Brousse experience","volume":"222","author":"Bismuth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.09.029","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia is associated with multi-organ system failure in patients with acute liver failure","volume":"14","author":"Stravitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13725","article-title":"Clinical and prognostic associations of liver volume determined by computed tomography in acute liver failure","volume":"38","author":"Zabron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-012-0624-x","article-title":"Acute liver failure in Japan: definition, classification, and prediction of the outcome","volume":"47","author":"Sugawara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.10.007","article-title":"Ability of King's College Criteria and model for end-stage liver disease scores to predict mortality of patients with acute liver failure: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"McPhail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05102.x","article-title":"The sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score is an effective triage marker following staggered paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose","volume":"35","author":"Craig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000194724.70031.B6","article-title":"Prognostic implications of hyperlactatemia, multiple organ failure, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure","volume":"34","author":"Schmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.03.046","article-title":"Development of a model to predict transplant-free survival of patients with acute liver failure","volume":"14","author":"Koch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301762","article-title":"Prospective derivation and validation of early dynamic model for predicting outcome in patients with acute liver failure","volume":"61","author":"Kumar Shalimar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.02.017","article-title":"Lactate is important in determining prognosis in acute liver failure","volume":"53","author":"Bernal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.35069","article-title":"Serum phosphate is an early predictor of outcome in severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"36","author":"Schmidt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060417","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in fulminant hepatitis B","volume":"6","author":"Bernuau","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.1.98","article-title":"Coagulation factor V and VIII\/V ratio as predictors of outcome in paracetamol induced fulminant hepatic failure: relation to other prognostic indicators","volume":"33","author":"Pereira","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.17.8.576","article-title":"Prognostic value of serum alpha-fetoprotein in fulminant hepatic failure including patients treated by charcoal haemoperfusion","volume":"17","author":"Murray-Lyon","year":"1976","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20511","article-title":"Alpha-fetoprotein is a predictor of outcome in acetaminophen-induced liver injury","volume":"41","author":"Schmidt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21050","article-title":"Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure: an assessment of the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and king's college hospital criteria","volume":"13","author":"Dhiman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0011.7384","article-title":"Comparison of dynamic changes among various prognostic scores in viral hepatitis-related acute liver failure","volume":"17","author":"Shalimar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30007-3","article-title":"Development and validation of a dynamic outcome prediction model for paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: a cohort study","volume":"1","author":"Bernal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-018-9869-7","article-title":"Beyond KCH selection and options in acute liver failure","volume":"12","author":"Bernal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21121","article-title":"King's criteria, Apache II, and SOFA scores in acute liver failure","volume":"43","author":"Cholongitas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23370","article-title":"Comparison of the sequential organ failure assessment score with the King's College Hospital criteria and the model for end-stage liver disease score for the prognosis of acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure","volume":"18","author":"Cholongitas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00340","article-title":"Prediction of outcome and selection of the liver transplantat candidate in acute liver failure","volume":"3","author":"Hadem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07743-7","article-title":"Blood lactate as an early predictor of outcome in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: a cohort study","volume":"359","author":"Bernal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290309","article-title":"Cerebral herniation in patients with acute liver failure is correlated with arterial ammonia concentration","volume":"29","author":"Clemmesen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu195","article-title":"Glycodeoxycholic acid levels as prognostic biomarker in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure patients","volume":"142","author":"Woolbright","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.09.040","article-title":"Association between plasma level of galectin-9 and survival of patients with drug-induced acute liver failure","volume":"14","author":"Rosen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.007","article-title":"Keratin variants predispose to acute liver failure and adverse outcome: race and ethnic associations","volume":"139","author":"Strnad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh.2019.03.03","article-title":"Leukocyte cell derived chemotaxin-2 (Lect2) as a predictor of survival in adult acute liver failure","volume":"4","author":"Slowik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12183","article-title":"Human liver regeneration is characterized by the coordinated expression of distinct microRNA governing cell cycle fate","volume":"13","author":"Salehi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.25781","article-title":"Serum microRNA signatures in recovery from acute and chronic liver injury and selection for liver transplantation","volume":"26","author":"Salehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.05.014","article-title":"Soluble CD163 from activated macrophages predicts mortality in acute liver failure","volume":"47","author":"Moller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24129","article-title":"Circulating levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and ligands of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in patients with acute liver failure","volume":"21","author":"Basta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21236","article-title":"Predictive value of actin-free Gc-globulin in acute liver failure","volume":"13","author":"Schi\u00f8dt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06166-w","article-title":"Elevated serum liver-type fatty acid binding protein levels in non-acetaminophen acute liver failure patients with organ dysfunction","volume":"66","author":"Karvellas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.08.007","article-title":"Serum apoptosis markers in acute liver failure: a pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Rutherford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.02.021","article-title":"Plasma osteopontin in acute liver failure","volume":"73","author":"Srungaram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318241e34e","article-title":"Angiopoietin-2 in acute liver failure","volume":"40","author":"Hadem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12682","article-title":"Circulating mannan-binding lectin, M-, L-, H-ficolin and collectin-liver-1 levels in patients with acute liver failure","volume":"35","author":"Laursen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30266-2","article-title":"Risk stratification after paracetamol overdose using mechanistic biomarkers: results from two prospective cohort studies","volume":"3","author":"Dear","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.1999.01959.x","article-title":"Paracetamol overdose in a liver transplantation centre: an 8-year experience","volume":"14","author":"Gow","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20948","article-title":"Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Acetaminophen induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study","volume":"42","author":"Larson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80010-4","article-title":"Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure: an assessment of the King's criteria","volume":"26","author":"Anand","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib39","first-page":"163","article-title":"Acute liverfailure: clinical features, outcome analysis, and applicability of prognostic criteria","volume":"6","author":"Shakil","year":"2000","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07743-7","article-title":"Blood lactate as an early predictor of outcome in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: a cohort study","volume":"359","author":"Bernal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000458","article-title":"Future directions in acute liver failure","volume":"78","author":"Stravitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80532-X","article-title":"Emergency liver transplantation for acute liver failure","volume":"17","author":"Pauwels","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.03.023","article-title":"Meta-analysis of performance of Kings's College Hospital Criteria in prediction of outcome in non-paracetamol-induced acute liver failure","volume":"53","author":"McPhail","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000923","article-title":"Acute liver failure","volume":"28","author":"Vasques","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04279.x","article-title":"Systematic review: prognostic tests of paracetamol-induced acute liver failure","volume":"31","author":"Craig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60274-7","article-title":"Acute liver failure","volume":"376","author":"Bernal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.09.012","article-title":"Outcome after wait-listing for emergency liver transplantation in acute liver failure: a single centre experience","volume":"50","author":"Bernal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80532-X","article-title":"Emergency liver transplantation for acute liver failure. Evaluation of London and Clichy criteria","volume":"17","author":"Pauwels","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24092","article-title":"Patients with acute liver failure listed for superurgent liver transplantation in France: reevaluation of the Clichy-Villejuif criteria","volume":"21","author":"Ichai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1053\/he.2000.5852","article-title":"A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts","volume":"31","author":"Malinchoc","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50016","article-title":"Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and allocation of donor livers","volume":"124","author":"Wiesner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21104","article-title":"MELD is superior to King's college and Clichy's criteria to assess prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"13","author":"Yantorno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21503","article-title":"MELD score as a predictor of liver failure and death in patients with acetaminophen-induced liver injury","volume":"45","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.04.029","article-title":"Cytokeratin-18 based modification of the MELD score improves prediction of spontaneous survival after acute liver failure","volume":"53","author":"Bechmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.12.039","article-title":"Prognostic implications of lactate, bilirubin and etiology in German patients with acute liver failure","volume":"6","author":"Hadem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.07.113","article-title":"Development of an accurate index for predicting outcomes of patients with acute liver failure","volume":"143","author":"Rutherford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2014.11.005","article-title":"Management in acute liver failure","volume":"5","author":"Shalimar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-23294","article-title":"Comparison of prognostic models in acute liver failure: decision is to be dynamic","volume":"23","author":"Saluja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.05.019","article-title":"Severity of organ failure is an independent predictor of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure","volume":"7","author":"Kitzberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.17.8.576","article-title":"Prognostic value of serum alpha-fetoprotein in fulminant hepatic failure including patients treated by charcoal haemoperfusion","volume":"17","author":"Murray-Lyon","year":"1976","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20886","article-title":"Alpha-fetoprotein and prognosis in acute liver failure","volume":"12","author":"Schi\u00f8dt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20427","article-title":"Blood lactate but not serum phosphate levels can predict patient outcome in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"11","author":"Macquillan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21383","article-title":"Prognostic impact of lactate in acute liver failure","volume":"14","author":"Cholongitas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.02.016","article-title":"Is lactate concentration of major value in determining the prognosis in patients with acute liver failure? Hardly","volume":"53","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21838","article-title":"Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure","volume":"46","author":"Bernal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12221","article-title":"Ammonia clearance with haemofiltration in adults with liver disease","volume":"34","author":"Slack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib76","first-page":"31","article-title":"Group USALFS. Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with reduced serum ammonia levels and mortality in acute liver failure","volume":"31","author":"Cardoso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06197-3","article-title":"Admission factor V predicts transplant-free survival in acute liver failure","volume":"66","author":"Patidar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28945","article-title":"Elevated FABP1 serum levels are associated with poorer survival in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure","volume":"65","author":"Karvellas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30486","article-title":"Low serum hepcidin is associated with reduced short-term survival in adults with acute liver failure","volume":"69","author":"Spivak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-01452-2","article-title":"The macrophage activation marker soluble CD163 is elevated and associated with liver disease phenotype in patients with Wilson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Glavind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.03.013","article-title":"A novel microRNA-based prognostic model outperforms standard prognostic models in patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure","volume":"75","author":"Tavabie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.112.202010","volume":"345","author":"Court","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.113.053546","article-title":"Candidate gene polymorphisms in patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure","volume":"42","author":"Court","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2017.01.008","article-title":"Association of variants of arginine vasopressin and arginine vasopressin receptor 1A with severe acetaminophen liver injury","volume":"3","author":"Randesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2018.09.018","article-title":"Host genetic variant in CXCL16 may be associated with hepatitis B virus-related acute liver failure","volume":"7","author":"Ajmera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1233","article-title":"Liver fibrosis markers improve prediction of outcome in non-acetaminophen-associated acute liver failure","volume":"2","author":"Ugamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31783","article-title":"Prognostic value of the 13 C-methacetin Breath test in adults with acute liver failure and non-acetaminophen acute liver injury","volume":"74","author":"Fontana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06197-3","article-title":"Admission factor V predicts transplant-free survival in acute liver failure","volume":"66","author":"Patidar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000458","article-title":"Future directions in acute liver failure","volume":"78","author":"Stravitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.22110","article-title":"Artificial intelligence models for the diagnosis and management of liver diseases","volume":"42","author":"Nishida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"}],"container-title":["Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521691824000829?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521691824000829?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T22:16:09Z","timestamp":1734646569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521691824000829"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["S1521691824000829"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prognostic models in acute liver failure-historic evolution and newer updates \u201cprognostic models in acute liver failure\u201d","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101957","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101957"}}