{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:16:58Z","timestamp":1777076218714,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["biophysj.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biophysical Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T11:46:19Z","timestamp":1448970379000},"page":"2218-2226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Fractal Characterization of Chromatin Decompaction in Live Cells"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Ji","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Stypula-Cyrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine\u00a0S.","family":"Blaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hemant\u00a0K.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vadim","family":"Backman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.15.5.2547","article-title":"Carcinogenic nickel silences gene expression by chromatin condensation and DNA methylation: a new model for epigenetic carcinogens","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100576","article-title":"Chromatin compaction by a polycomb group protein complex","volume":"306","author":"Francis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2005.05.012","article-title":"Shaping time: chromatin structure and the DNA replication programme","volume":"21","author":"Donaldson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.005","article-title":"Chromatin modifications and their function","volume":"128","author":"Kouzarides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/355219a0","article-title":"Chromatin as an essential part of the transcriptional mechanism","volume":"355","author":"Felsenfeld","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)01077-2","article-title":"Deciphering the transcriptional histone acetylation code for a human gene","volume":"111","author":"Agalioti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063127","article-title":"Translating the histone code","volume":"293","author":"Jenuwein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1181369","article-title":"Comprehensive mapping of long-range interactions reveals folding principles of the human genome","volume":"326","author":"Lieberman-Aiden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6A","key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.946403","article-title":"Genome function and nuclear architecture: from gene expression to nanoscience","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2010.03.001","article-title":"Chromatin structure: does the 30-nm fibre exist in\u00a0vivo?","volume":"22","author":"Maeshima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.35","article-title":"Human mitotic chromosomes consist predominantly of irregularly folded nucleosome fibres without a 30-nm chromatin structure","volume":"31","author":"Nishino","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO\u00a0J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2010.09.002","article-title":"Living without 30\u00a0nm chromatin fibers","volume":"36","author":"Fussner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2012.139","article-title":"Open and closed domains in the mouse genome are configured as 10-nm chromatin fibres","volume":"13","author":"Fussner","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.01.054","article-title":"Chromatin fibers are formed by heterogeneous groups of nucleosomes in\u00a0vivo","volume":"160","author":"Ricci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8783","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks586","article-title":"A fractal model for nuclear organization: current evidence and biological implications","volume":"40","author":"Bancaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.10.50","article-title":"Fractal dimension of chromatin and cancer prognosis","volume":"2","author":"Metze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.01.052","article-title":"Fractal nature of chromatin organization in interphase chicken erythrocyte nuclei: DNA structure exhibits biphasic fractal properties","volume":"579","author":"Lebedev","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063774508010136","article-title":"Structural hierarchy of chromatin in chicken erythrocyte nuclei based on small-angle neutron scattering: fractal nature of the large-scale chromatin organization","volume":"53","author":"Lebedev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crystallogr. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809501106","article-title":"Spatially confined folding of chromatin in the interphase nucleus","volume":"106","author":"Mateos-Langerak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib20","series-title":"Fractals in Biology and Medicine","first-page":"190","article-title":"Fractal characterization of nuclear texture in breast cytology: frequency and spatial domain approaches","author":"Einstein","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.340","article-title":"Molecular crowding affects diffusion and binding of nuclear proteins in heterochromatin and reveals the fractal organization of chromatin","volume":"28","author":"Bancaud","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMBO\u00a0J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(02)75571-9","article-title":"Cellular organization and substructure measured using angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry","volume":"82","author":"Wax","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biophys.\u00a0J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-3079","article-title":"Light scattering measurements of subcellular structure provide noninvasive early detection of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis","volume":"69","author":"Chalut","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2013.2280999","article-title":"Modeling light scattering in tissue as continuous random media using a versatile refractive index correlation function. selected topics in quantum electronics","volume":"20","author":"Rogers","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-061008-124811","article-title":"Microscopic imaging and spectroscopy with scattered light","volume":"12","author":"Boustany","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.97.138102","article-title":"Tissue self-affinity and polarized light scattering in the born approximation: a new model for precancer detection","volume":"97","author":"Hunter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033903","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.111.033903","article-title":"Interferometric spectroscopy of scattered light can quantify the statistics of subdiffractional refractive-index fluctuations","volume":"111","author":"Cherkezyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9043","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.009043","article-title":"Can OCT be sensitive to nanoscale structural alterations in biological tissue?","volume":"21","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4443","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.004443","article-title":"Imaging a full set of optical scattering properties of biological tissue by inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography","volume":"37","author":"Yi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36013","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.19.3.036013","article-title":"Spatially resolved optical and ultrastructural properties of colorectal and pancreatic field carcinogenesis observed by inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography","volume":"19","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/173821b0","article-title":"Refractive index of concentrated protein solutions","volume":"173","author":"Barer","year":"1954","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib32","first-page":"271","article-title":"The use of the interference microscope to determine dry mass in living cells and as a quantitative cytochemical method","volume":"s3\u201395","author":"Davies","year":"1954","journal-title":"Q.\u00a0J. Microsc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64600","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064600","article-title":"HDAC up-regulation in early colon field carcinogenesis is involved in cell tumorigenicity through regulation of chromatin structure","volume":"8","author":"Stypula-Cyrus","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-2478","article-title":"Valproic acid alters chromatin structure by regulation of chromatin modulation proteins","volume":"65","author":"Marchion","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.05.030","article-title":"Down-regulation of the tumor suppressor gene C-terminal Src kinase: an early event during premalignant colonic epithelial hyperproliferation","volume":"579","author":"Kunte","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.05.023","article-title":"Role of cytoskeleton in controlling the disorder strength of cellular nanoscale architecture","volume":"99","author":"Damania","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biophys.\u00a0J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-08-0022","article-title":"Antiproliferative effect of sulindac in colonic neoplasia prevention: role of COOH-terminal Src kinase","volume":"7","author":"Kunte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804723105","article-title":"Optical methodology for detecting histologically unapparent nanoscale consequences of genetic alterations in biological cells","volume":"105","author":"Subramanian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg315","article-title":"The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid selectively induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2","volume":"22","author":"Kr\u00e4mer","year":"2003","journal-title":"EMBO\u00a0J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.21.001310","article-title":"Turbulent nature of refractive-index variations in biological tissue","volume":"21","author":"Schmitt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.32.000142","article-title":"Fractal model of light scattering in biological tissue and cells","volume":"32","author":"Sheppard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.003051","article-title":"Fractal mechanisms of light scattering in biological tissue and cells","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.34.001891","article-title":"Nonscalar elastic light scattering from continuous random media in the Born approximation","volume":"34","author":"Rogers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2010.08.001","article-title":"Epigenetic modifications in valproic acid-induced teratogenesis","volume":"248","author":"Tung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-380866-0.60003-4","article-title":"Histone modifications and cancer","volume":"70","author":"Sawan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2470","article-title":"Regulation of nucleosome dynamics by histone modifications","volume":"20","author":"Zentner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"097002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.9.097002","article-title":"Ultrastructural alterations in field carcinogenesis measured by enhanced backscattering spectroscopy","volume":"18","author":"Radosevich","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000000340","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo risk analysis of pancreatic cancer through optical characterization of duodenal mucosa","volume":"44","author":"Mutyal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2007.04.005","article-title":"Nuclear fractal dimension as a prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"44","author":"Goutzanis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-189","article-title":"Nanoscale changes in chromatin organization represent the initial steps of tumorigenesis: a transmission electron microscopy study","volume":"14","author":"Cherkezyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253rv2","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009725","article-title":"Point-of-care and point-of-procedure optical imaging technologies for primary care and global health","volume":"6","author":"Boppart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.5838","article-title":"Advances in biophotonics detection of field carcinogenesis for colon cancer risk stratification","volume":"4","author":"Backman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib53","first-page":"331","article-title":"Field effect in cancer-an update","volume":"39","author":"Chai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4476","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-4780","article-title":"Association between rectal optical signatures and colonic neoplasia: potential applications for screening","volume":"69","author":"Roy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/958214","article-title":"Investigating population risk factors of pancreatic cancer by evaluation of optical markers in the duodenal mucosa","volume":"25","author":"Turzhitsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110157","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110157","article-title":"Buccal spectral markers for lung cancer risk stratification","volume":"9","author":"Radosevich","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.2174\/092986706776360905","article-title":"Chemistry and biology of chromatin remodeling agents: state of art and future perspectives of HDAC inhibitors","volume":"13","author":"Rodriquez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."}],"container-title":["Biophysical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000634951501053X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000634951501053X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T23:40:56Z","timestamp":1567381256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000634951501053X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S000634951501053X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3495"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3495","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Fractal Characterization of Chromatin Decompaction in Live Cells","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biophysical Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.10.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}