{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:39:21Z","timestamp":1772120361035,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":385,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biophysical Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T20:54:20Z","timestamp":1592945660000},"page":"460-469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Generation of Monophasic Action Potentials and Intermediate Forms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Shahriar","family":"Iravanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilija","family":"Uzelac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conner","family":"Herndon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Langberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavio H.","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/22.4.255","article-title":"Relation of monophasic action potential recorded with contact electrode to underlying transmembrane action potential properties in isolated cardiac tissues: a systematic microelectrode validation study","volume":"22","author":"Ino","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(98)00268-5","article-title":"Current status of monophasic action potential recording: theories, measurements and interpretations","volume":"41","author":"Franz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02320732","article-title":"Elektrophysiologie des Herzens bei einphasischer Ableitung","volume":"38","author":"Sch\u00fctz","year":"1936","journal-title":"Ergeb. Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(10)80336-5","article-title":"A new single catheter technique for simultaneous measurement of action potential duration and refractory period in\u00a0vivo","volume":"16","author":"Franz","year":"1990","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Coll. Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.05.003","article-title":"Cellular basis for the monophasic action potential. Which electrode is the recording electrode?","volume":"63","author":"Kondo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1370","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00803.2003","article-title":"Genesis of the monophasic action potential: role of interstitial resistance and boundary gradients","volume":"286","author":"Tranquillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2002.01246.x","article-title":"Microelectrode study of the genesis of the monophasic action potential by contact electrode technique","volume":"13","author":"Knollmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib8","series-title":"Monophasic Action Potentials","first-page":"47","article-title":"Computer models of MAP genesis","author":"Trayanova","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02513313","article-title":"Electrophysiological basis of mono-phasic action potential recordings","volume":"37","author":"Vigmond","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00883","article-title":"Theoretical modeling and experimental detection of the extracellular phasic impedance modulation in rabbit hearts","volume":"10","author":"Iravanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.047","article-title":"Application of blebbistatin as an excitation-contraction uncoupler for electrophysiologic study of rat and rabbit hearts","volume":"4","author":"Fedorov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib12","series-title":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib13","series-title":"Bioelectricity: A Quantitative Approach","author":"Plonsey","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib14","article-title":"Simulating the electrical behavior of cardiac tissue using the bidomain model","volume":"21","author":"Henriquez","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib15","first-page":"633","article-title":"The electrical bidomain model: a review","volume":"3","author":"Kandel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences (SAJB)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2010.05.006","article-title":"A numerical guide to the solution of the bi-domain equations of cardiac electrophysiology","volume":"102","author":"Pathmanathan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.68.1.162","article-title":"Action potential propagation in a thick strand of cardiac muscle","volume":"68","author":"Roth","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circ. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1109\/10.563303","article-title":"Electrical conductivity values used with the bidomain model of cardiac tissue","volume":"44","author":"Roth","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib19","series-title":"Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics","author":"Grimnes","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.106.98160","article-title":"A rabbit ventricular action potential model replicating cardiac dynamics at rapid heart rates","volume":"94","author":"Mahajan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biophys. J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1978.326270","article-title":"A practical algorithm for solving dynamic membrane equations","volume":"25","author":"Rush","year":"1978","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H548","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.2.H548","article-title":"Stretch-activated whole cell currents in adult rat cardiac myocytes","volume":"278","author":"Zeng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1971.tb07446.x","article-title":"Monophasic action potential and sinus rhythm stability after conversion of atrial fibrillation","volume":"190","author":"Olsson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Med. Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib24","series-title":"Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy","author":"Orazem","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2005.847523","article-title":"Impedance characterization and modeling of electrodes for biomedical applications","volume":"52","author":"Franks","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1968.tb20350.x","article-title":"Silver silver chloride electrodes","volume":"148","author":"Janz","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2002.803520","article-title":"Anode-break excitation during end-diastolic stimulation is explained by half-cell double layer discharge","volume":"49","author":"Nikolski","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1974.324319","article-title":"Electrode-produced signal distortion in electrophysiological recording systems","volume":"21","author":"Ferris","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056007","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/9\/5\/056007","article-title":"Signal distortion from microelectrodes in clinical EEG acquisition systems","volume":"9","author":"Stacey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp011853","article-title":"Reconstruction of the action potential of ventricular myocardial fibres","volume":"268","author":"Beeler","year":"1977","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib31","first-page":"129","article-title":"Low polarization pacing lead for detecting the ventricular-evoked response","volume":"19","author":"Bolz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Prog. Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1515\/bmte.1995.40.6.154","article-title":"Measurement and analysis of monophasic action potentials using fractally coated electrodes--I","volume":"40","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biomed. Tech. (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2000.tb00650.x","article-title":"The recording of monophasic action potentials with fractal-coated iridium electrodes in humans","volume":"23","author":"Zrenner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol"}],"container-title":["Biophysical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006349520304914?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006349520304914?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T16:44:42Z","timestamp":1757781882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006349520304914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006349520304914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.01.10.901793","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0006-3495"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3495","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Generation of Monophasic Action Potentials and Intermediate Forms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biophysical Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpj.2020.05.039","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Biophysical Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}