{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T02:03:29Z","timestamp":1783735409829,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,27]],"date-time":"2004-01-27T05:22:43Z","timestamp":1075180963000},"page":"157-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Anal endosonography and its role in assessing the incontinent patient"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ranee","family":"Thakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul H","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB1","series-title":"Incontinence","first-page":"985","article-title":"Anal incontinence","author":"Norton","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530070057030","article-title":"Community based prevalence of anal incontinence","volume":"274","author":"Nelson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb10648.x","article-title":"Faecal incontinence after childbirth","volume":"104","author":"MacArthur","year":"1997","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02570.x","article-title":"Pelvic floor damage and childbirth: a neurophysiological study","volume":"97","author":"Allen","year":"1990","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01889235","article-title":"Anal endosonography: technique and normal anatomy","volume":"14","author":"Law","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastrointestinal Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800800435","article-title":"Anal endosonography and correlation with in vitro and in vivo anatomy","volume":"80","author":"Sultan","year":"1993","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312233292601","article-title":"Anal sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery","volume":"329","author":"Sultan","year":"1993","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB8","unstructured":"Sultan AH. The effect of childbirth on the anal sphincter as demonstrated by anal endosonography and anorectal physiology. MD Thesis; 1995, University of Natal, South Africa."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB9","first-page":"58","article-title":"Die transrektale prostatasonographie","volume":"2","author":"Frentzel-Beyme","year":"1982","journal-title":"Computertomogra Sonogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555351","article-title":"The endoscopic appearances of the normal colon and rectum","volume":"29","author":"Beynon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon and Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s002619900345","article-title":"Examination techniques for endosonography of the anal canal","volume":"23","author":"Frudinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Abdominal Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(05)81819-7","article-title":"Endosonography of the anal sphincters: normal anatomy and comparison with manometry","volume":"49","author":"Sultan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1999.01041.x","article-title":"Three-dimensional endoanal sonography in assessing anal canal injury","volume":"86","author":"Gold","year":"1999","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.2000.01581.x","article-title":"Gender differences in the longitudinal pressure profile of the anal canal related to anatomical structure as demonstrated on three-dimensional anal endosonography","volume":"87","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.00251.x","article-title":"Alteration of anal sphincter morphology following vaginal delivery revealed by multiplanar anal endosongraphy","volume":"109","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(01)01318-7","article-title":"Anal sphincter damage after vaginal delivery using three-dimensional endosonography","volume":"97","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB17","first-page":"738","article-title":"Endoanal magnetic resonance imaging versus endosonography","volume":"92","author":"Stoker","year":"1996","journal-title":"La Radiologica Medica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.212.2.r99au10453","article-title":"Faecal incontinence: endoanal US versus endoanal MR imaging","volume":"212","author":"Rociu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.175.3.1750741","article-title":"Prospective assessment of accuracy of endoanal MR imaging and endosonography in patients with fecal incontinence","volume":"175","author":"Malouf","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1999.01244.x","article-title":"External anal sphincter atrophy on endoanal magnetic resonance imaging adversely affects continence after sphincteroplasty","volume":"86","author":"Briel","year":"1999","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s003840050238","article-title":"Relationship between sphincter morphology on endoanal MRI and histopathological aspects of the external sphincter","volume":"15","author":"Briel","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Colorectal Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0007-1323.2001.01796.x","article-title":"Endocoil magnetic resonance imaging quantification of external sphincter atrophy","volume":"88","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1007\/s002619900567","article-title":"High resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the anorectal region without an endocoil","volume":"24","author":"Beets-Tan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Abdominal Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-001-1239-4","article-title":"Imaging of the posterior pelvic floor","volume":"12","author":"Stoker","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02257800","article-title":"Vaginal endosonography: a new technique to image the undisturbed anal sphincter","volume":"37","author":"Sultan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon and Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.168.6.9168703","article-title":"Transvaginal versus anal endosonography for detecting damage to the anal sphincter","volume":"168","author":"Frudinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.173.1.10397123","article-title":"Transvaginal sonography of the anal sphincter: Reliable or not?","volume":"173","author":"Stewart","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb12056.x","article-title":"Exoanal ultrasound of the anal sphincter","volume":"104","author":"Peschers","year":"1997","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00021-0","article-title":"Trans-perineal versus endo-anal ultrasound in the detection of anal sphincter defects","volume":"103","author":"Lohse","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(02)00068-1","article-title":"Digital examination compared to trans-perineal ultrasound for the evaluation of anal sphincter repair","volume":"78","author":"Shobeiri","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300000702","article-title":"Comparison of transanal and external perineal ultrasound","volume":"11","author":"Roche","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)00255-5","article-title":"Obstetric events leading to anal sphincter damage","volume":"92","author":"Donnelly","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11205-9","article-title":"Effect of second vaginal delivery on anorectal physiology and faecal incontinence: a prospective study","volume":"354","author":"Fynes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1993.tb15301.x","article-title":"A randomised prospective study comparing the new vacuum extractor policy with forceps delivery","volume":"100","author":"Johanson","year":"1993","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70049-2","article-title":"A randomized prospective trial of the obstetric forceps versus the M-cup vacuum extractor","volume":"175","author":"Bofill","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(98)00017-4","article-title":"Occult anal sphincter trauma following randomized forceps and vacuum delivery","volume":"61","author":"Sultan","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/00001703-199710000-00010","article-title":"Anal incontinence after childbirth","volume":"9","author":"Sultan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB38","series-title":"Incontinence in Women","first-page":"379","article-title":"Third degree tear repair","author":"Sultan","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6933.887","article-title":"Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair","volume":"308","author":"Sultan","year":"1994","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.00858.x","article-title":"Third-degree obstetric perineal tear: long-term clinical and functional results after primary repair","volume":"85","author":"Poen","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5351.216","article-title":"Late results of haemorrhoidectomy by ligature and excision","volume":"2","author":"Bennett","year":"1963","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0007-1323.2001.01898.x","article-title":"Long-term effects of stapled haemorrhoidectomy on internal anal function and sensitivity","volume":"88","author":"Altomore","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800781206","article-title":"Sphincter injury after anal dilatation demonstrated by anal endosonography","volume":"78","author":"Speakman","year":"1991","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800760504","article-title":"Sequelae of internal sphincterotomy for chronic fissure in ano","volume":"76","author":"Khubchandani","year":"1989","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049319","article-title":"Internal anal sphincter division during lateral sphincterotomy. Prospective ultrasound study","volume":"37","author":"Sultan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon and Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2001.02211.x","article-title":"Faecal incontinence after lateral internal sphincterotomy is often associated with coexisting occult sphincter defects","volume":"71","author":"Tjandra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800770818","article-title":"Fistulotomy without external anal sphincter division for high anal fistula","volume":"77","author":"Kennedy","year":"1990","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6108-1","article-title":"Endoanal ultrasound in the staging and management of squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal","volume":"45","author":"Tarantino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon and Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00703951","article-title":"Endosonic variations in the normal internal anal sphincter","volume":"6","author":"Burnett","year":"1991","journal-title":"International Journal of Colorectal Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529409092498","article-title":"Significance of the thickness of the anal sphincters with age and its relevance in faecal incontinence","volume":"29","author":"Papachrysostomou","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90212-4","article-title":"The anal sphincter in patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy","volume":"100","author":"Eckardt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00341201","article-title":"Endosonography of the anal sphincters in solitary rectal ulcer syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Halligan","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Colorectal Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)09188-X","article-title":"Primary degeneration of the internal anal sphincter as a cause of passive faecal incontinence","volume":"349","author":"Vaisey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.6.857","article-title":"Progressive systemic sclerosis of the internal anal sphincter leading to passive faecal incontinence","volume":"35","author":"Engel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007_BIB55","first-page":"65","article-title":"Unwanted anal penetration as a physical cause of faecal incontinence","volume":"7","author":"Engel","year":"1995","journal-title":"European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521693403001330?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521693403001330?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]],"date-time":"2019-02-15T06:30:56Z","timestamp":1550212256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521693403001330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521693403001330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2003.09.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6934","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}}}