{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:29:19Z","timestamp":1790922559969,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]],"date-time":"2004-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,16]],"date-time":"2004-09-16T10:10:39Z","timestamp":1095329439000},"page":"755-771","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["The pathogenesis of infertility and early pregnancy loss in polycystic ovary syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zephne M.","family":"van der Spuy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke J.","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91612-1","article-title":"Polycystic ovaries\u2014a common finding in normal women","volume":"1","author":"Polson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.83.9.3078","article-title":"Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study","volume":"83","author":"Knochenhauer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00886.x","article-title":"Polycystic ovaries and associated clinical and biochemical features in young women","volume":"51","author":"Michelmore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2001.tb01296.x","article-title":"The current status of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Kovacs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.70.1.31","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: pathogenesis and treatment over the short and long term","volume":"70","author":"Marx","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cleveland Clinical Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.11.2720","article-title":"The prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with infertility","volume":"14","author":"Kousta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92552-8","article-title":"Multifollicular ovaries: clinical and endocrine features and response to pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone","volume":"2","author":"Adams","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-198202000-00001","article-title":"Morphology and morphogenesis of the Stein-Leventhal Ovary and of the So-called \u201cHyperthecosis\u201d","volume":"37","author":"Hughesdon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3109\/09513599809012841","article-title":"Involvement of growth factors in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Homburg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gynecological Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.83.2.423","article-title":"Cohort size rather than follicle-stimulating hormone threshold level determines ovarian sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"83","author":"van der Meer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)46509-X","article-title":"The dominant ovarian follicle","volume":"38","author":"Hodgen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(94)90278-X","article-title":"Follicular oestrogen synthesis: the \u201ctwo-cell, two-gonadotrophin\u201d model revisited","volume":"100","author":"Hillier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138480","article-title":"Current concepts of the roles of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in folliculogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Hillier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib14","series-title":"Reproductive Endocrinology","first-page":"153","article-title":"The ovarian life cycle","author":"Yeh","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.74.4.842","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of the growth and steroidogenic function of human granulosa cells","volume":"74","author":"Yong","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-30-4-435","article-title":"Inappropriate secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in polycystic ovarian disease","volume":"30","author":"Yen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1210\/er.18.1.71","article-title":"Manipulation of human ovarian function: physiological concepts and clinical consequences","volume":"18","author":"Fauser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrine Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.10.2693","article-title":"inhibin B and activin A concentrations in follicular fluid from women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Magoffin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.7.1359","article-title":"Absent biologically relevant associations between serum inhibin B concentrations and characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome in normogonadotrophic anovulatory infertility","volume":"16","author":"Laven","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.41.409","article-title":"Serum immunoreactive inhibin levels in polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) and hypogonadotropic amenorrhea","volume":"41","author":"Mizunuma","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrine Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.83.5.1730","article-title":"Mid-follicular phase pulses of inhibin B are absent in polycystic ovarian syndrome and are initiated by successful laparoscopic ovarian diathermy: a possible mechanism regulating emergence of the dominant follicle","volume":"83","author":"Lockwood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.81.1.302","article-title":"Modulation by insulin of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone actions in human granulosa cells of normal and polycystic ovaries","volume":"81","author":"Willis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3984","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.83.11.3984","article-title":"Premature response to luteinizing hormone of granulosa cells from anovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome: relevance to mechanism of anovulation","volume":"83","author":"Willis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-1-109","article-title":"The management of infertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Homburg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.87.3.1337","volume":"87","author":"Teixeira Filho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/383531a0","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor-9 is required during early ovarian folliculogenesis","volume":"383","author":"Dong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod62.2.370","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor-9 stimulates proliferation but suppresses the follicle-stimulating hormone-induced differentiation of cultured granulosa cells from small antral and preovulatory rat follicles","volume":"62","author":"Vitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a135789","article-title":"Effects of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor and androstenedione on follicular growth and aromatization in culture","volume":"10","author":"Almahbobi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3109\/09513599909167588","article-title":"Regulation of granulosa cell proliferation and apoptosis during follicular development","volume":"13","author":"Maruo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gynecological Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1990.tb03888.x","article-title":"Inhibition of oestradiol production by epidermal growth factor in human granulosa cells of normal and polycystic ovaries","volume":"33","author":"Mason","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(98)00252-0","article-title":"Hyperexpression of epidermal growth factor receptors in granulosa cells from women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Almahbobi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.80.7.2053","article-title":"Production of transforming growth factor- \u03b1 by normal and polycystic ovaries","volume":"80","author":"Mason","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009495913119","article-title":"Relationships between concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and nitric oxide in follicular fluid and oocyte quality","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(03)00233-3","article-title":"Serum and follicular fluid cytokines in polycystic ovary syndrome during stimulated cycles","volume":"101","author":"Amato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00485-4","article-title":"Alternative pathways of ovarian apoptosis: death for life","volume":"66","author":"Amsterdam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)62052-4","article-title":"Apoptosis in the human ovary","volume":"6","author":"Vaskivuo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproductive Biomedicine Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350780","article-title":"Polysystic ovary syndrome\u2014loss of the apoptotic mechanism in the ovarian follicles?","volume":"21","author":"Homburg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4837","DOI":"10.1210\/en.137.11.4837","article-title":"Targeted overexpression of Bcl-2 in ovaries of transgenic mice leads to decreased follicle apoptosis, enhanced folliculogenesis, and increased germ cell tumorigenesis","volume":"137","author":"Hsu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118126","article-title":"Excessive insulin receptor serine phosphorylation in cultured fibroblasts and in skeletal muscle. A potential mechanism for insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Dunaif","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-200211000-00022","article-title":"New approach to polycystic ovary syndrome and other forms of anovulatory infertility","volume":"57","author":"Laven","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350782","article-title":"The pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome: lessons from ovarian stimulation studies","volume":"21","author":"Barnes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-351X(96)80057-7","article-title":"Hypersecretion of androgens by polycystic ovaries: the role of genetic factors in the regulation of cytochrome P450c17 \u03b1","volume":"10","author":"Franks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Baillieres Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(99)00239-7","article-title":"Follicular dynamics in the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"163","author":"Franks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00612-4","article-title":"The role of lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Norman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02578.x","article-title":"The independent effects of polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity on serum concentrations of gonadotrophins and sex steroids in premenopausal women","volume":"41","author":"Holte","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.2.676","article-title":"Free androgen index and leptin are the most prominent endocrine predictors of ovarian response during clomiphene citrate induction of ovulation in normogonadotropic oligoamenorrheic infertility","volume":"85","author":"Imani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590312331290418","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor in females of reproductive age","volume":"17","author":"Artini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gynecological Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)03247-8","article-title":"Increased prevalence of insulin resistance in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"78","author":"Craig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(99)90250-0","article-title":"Plasminogen activator inhibitor activity: an independent risk factor for the high miscarriage rate during pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Glueck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01614-9","article-title":"Are women with polycystic ovary syndrome resistant to activated protein C?","volume":"74","author":"Atiomo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)00486-X","article-title":"The plasminogen activator system in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Atiomo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)46579-9","article-title":"Early embryonic mortality in women","volume":"38","author":"Edmonds","year":"1982","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92159-F","article-title":"Recurrent miscarriage","volume":"336","author":"Stirrat","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198807283190401","article-title":"Incidence of early loss of pregnancy","volume":"319","author":"Wilcox","year":"1988","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.2.478","article-title":"Recurrent miscarriage: principles of management","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spontaneous abortion risks in man: data from reproductive histories collected in a medical genetics unit","volume":"16","author":"Warburton","year":"1964","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198701153160301","article-title":"Chromosome analysis of human oocytes recovered from preovulatory follicles in stimulated cycles","volume":"316","author":"Wramsby","year":"1987","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6655.1027","article-title":"Recurrent early miscarriage and polycystic ovaries","volume":"297","author":"Sagle","year":"1988","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92765-A","article-title":"Hypersecretion of luteinising hormone, infertility, and miscarriage","volume":"336","author":"Regan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1993.tb15170.x","article-title":"Hypersecretion of luteinising hormone: a significant cause of infertility and miscarriage","volume":"100","author":"Balen","year":"1993","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108400","article-title":"Characterization of the inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Rebar","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-6-1126","article-title":"Pulsatile luteinizing hormone patterns in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) and non-PCOD secondary amenorrhea","volume":"61","author":"Burger","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1210185","article-title":"LH in polycystic ovary syndrome: reproducibility and pulsatile secretion","volume":"121","author":"Murdoch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-108-4-1441","article-title":"Insulin enhancement of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release by cultured pituitary cells","volume":"108","author":"Adashi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6655.1024","article-title":"Influence of serum luteinising hormone concentrations on ovulation, conception, and early pregnancy loss in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"297","author":"Homburg","year":"1988","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138149","article-title":"Hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone and ovarian steroids in women with recurrent early miscarriage","volume":"8","author":"Watson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-351X(05)80047-3","article-title":"The endocrinology of conception","volume":"4","author":"Jacobs","year":"1990","journal-title":"Baillieres Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00491.x","article-title":"Hormonal profiles following clomiphene citrate therapy in conception and nonconception cycles","volume":"33","author":"Shoham","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137812","article-title":"Increased pregnancy failure rates after clomiphene following assisted reproductive technology","volume":"7","author":"Saunders","year":"1992","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55794-X","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist reduces the miscarriage rate for pregnancies achieved in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Homburg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138174","article-title":"Miscarriage rates following in-vitro fertilization are increased in women with polycystic ovaries and reduced by pituitary desensitization with buserelin","volume":"8","author":"Balen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7045.1508","article-title":"Does suppressing luteinising hormone secretion reduce the miscarriage rate? Results of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"312","author":"Clifford","year":"1996","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.3.612","article-title":"Polycystic ovaries and recurrent miscarriage\u2014a reappraisal","volume":"15","author":"Rai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1989.tb00446.x","article-title":"Heterogeneity of the polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical, endocrine and ultrasound features in 556 patients","volume":"30","author":"Conway","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136243","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of the disorder in 1741 patients","volume":"10","author":"Balen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-2115(96)02421-9","article-title":"The prognostic value of serum estradiol, progesterone, testosterone and free testosterone levels in detecting early abortions","volume":"67","author":"Aksoy","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1993.tb12978.x","article-title":"Polycystic ovaries and levels of gonadotrophins and androgens in recurrent miscarriage: prospective study in 50 women","volume":"100","author":"Tulppala","year":"1993","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(98)00007-7","article-title":"Serum androgen levels in women who have recurrent miscarriages and their correlation with markers of endometrial function","volume":"69","author":"Okon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)00711-1","article-title":"Do androgens have a direct effect on endometrial function? An in vitro study","volume":"74","author":"Tuckerman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.84.4.1470","article-title":"Restoration of reproductive potential by lifestyle modification in obese polycystic ovary syndrome: role of insulin sensitivity and luteinizing hormone","volume":"84","author":"Huber-Buchholz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.12.2606","article-title":"Polycystic ovarian syndrome and the risk of spontaneous abortion following assisted reproductive technology treatment","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90209-7","article-title":"Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenaemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy","volume":"43","author":"Velazquez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.87.2.524","article-title":"Effects of metformin on early pregnancy loss in the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Jakubowicz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01666-6","article-title":"Continuing metformin throughout pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome appears to safely reduce first-trimester spontaneous abortion: a pilot study","volume":"75","author":"Glueck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1992.tb14470.x","article-title":"Association of moderate obesity with a poor pregnancy outcome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with low dose gonadotrophin","volume":"99","author":"Hamilton-Fairley","year":"1992","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1600-0412.2000.079001043.x","article-title":"Obesity is a risk factor for early pregnancy loss after IVF or ICSI","volume":"79","author":"Fedorcsak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)04554-5","article-title":"A systematic review of the reproductive system effects of metformin in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Costello","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.6.1502","article-title":"Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment","volume":"13","author":"Clark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib89","first-page":"606","article-title":"Plasma fibrinolytic activators and their inhibitors in women suffering from early recurrent abortion of unknown etiology","volume":"122","author":"Gris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1656119","article-title":"Respective evaluation of the prevalence of haemostasis abnormalities in unexplained primary early recurrent miscarriages. The Nimes Obstetricians and Haematologists (NOHA) Study","volume":"77","author":"Gris","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thrombosis and Haemostasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4666","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.86.10.4666","article-title":"Increased endothelin-1 levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and the beneficial effect of metformin therapy","volume":"86","author":"Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.10.1410","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with endothelial dysfunction","volume":"103","author":"Paradisi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-2-421","article-title":"The presence of gonadotropin receptors in nonpregnant human uterus, human placenta, fetal membranes, and decidua","volume":"70","author":"Reshef","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137614","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of androgen receptor in the human ovary throughout the menstrual cycle in relation to oestrogen and progesterone receptor expression","volume":"7","author":"Horie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.9.2585","article-title":"Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor by androgens in human endometrial cells in culture","volume":"13","author":"Watson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021072","article-title":"Regulation of HOXA-10 expression by testosterone in vitro and in the endometrium of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Cermik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521693404000987?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521693404000987?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T05:45:52Z","timestamp":1682747152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521693404000987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521693404000987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6934","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}}}