{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T21:07:29Z","timestamp":1780348049477,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,19]],"date-time":"2008-02-19T20:16:31Z","timestamp":1203452191000},"page":"31-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Fetal dysrhythmias"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Olus","family":"Api","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julene S.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.55.7.506","article-title":"Prospective study of fetal heart rate and rhythm patterns","volume":"55","author":"Southall","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)70330-9","article-title":"The clinical significance of the irregular fetal heart rhythm","volume":"182","author":"Copel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J\u00a0Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib3","first-page":"294","article-title":"Fetal arrhythmias: etiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Reed","year":"1989","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-196207000-00011","article-title":"The electronic evaluation of fetal heart rate. VII. Premature and missed beats","volume":"20","author":"Hon","year":"1962","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2003.02005.x","article-title":"Non-invasive fetal electrocardiography in singleton and multiple pregnancies","volume":"110","author":"Taylor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1184","article-title":"Cardiac time intervals of normal fetuses using noninvasive fetal electrocardiography","volume":"25","author":"Chia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2002.00754.x","article-title":"Clinical implications of fetal magnetocardiography","volume":"20","author":"Quartero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(01)01658-7","article-title":"Usefulness of magnetocardiography for the investigation of fetal arrhythmias","volume":"88","author":"Menendez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1991.01030162.x","article-title":"Fetal tachyarrhythmias: transplacental and direct treatment of the fetus \u2013 a report of 60 cases","volume":"1","author":"Hansmann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.79.6.576","article-title":"Fetal tachycardias: management and outcome of 127 consecutive cases","volume":"79","author":"Simpson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(10)80148-2","article-title":"Perinatal outcome of fetal complete atrioventricular block: a multicenter experience","volume":"17","author":"Schmidt","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.50.3.240","article-title":"Evaluation of fetal arrhythmias by echocardiography","volume":"50","author":"Allan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(86)80318-7","article-title":"Diagnosis of fetal arrhythmias using echocardiographic and Doppler techniques","volume":"8","author":"Steinfeld","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib14","series-title":"Fetal cardiology","first-page":"333","article-title":"Diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias during fetal life","author":"Simpson","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.50.6.550","article-title":"Arrhythmia and structural abnormalities of the fetal heart","volume":"50","author":"Stewart","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(83)91080-3","article-title":"Fetal echocardiography. III. The diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias using real-time-directed M-mode ultrasound","volume":"146","author":"DeVore","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(83)80042-3","article-title":"Fetal echocardiography. A tool for evaluation of in utero cardiac arrhythmias and monitoring of in utero therapy: analysis of 71 patients","volume":"51","author":"Kleinman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(90)90147-S","article-title":"Simultaneous pulsed Doppler velocimetry of fetal aorta and inferior vena cava. Diagnosis of fetal congenital heart block; two case reports","volume":"35","author":"Chan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.10.1211","article-title":"Management of fetal tachyarrhythmia based on superior vena cava\/aorta Doppler flow recordings","volume":"89","author":"Fouron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2006.101659","article-title":"Evaluation of fetal arrhythmias from simultaneous pulsed wave Doppler in pulmonary artery and vein","volume":"93","author":"Carvalho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0960-7692.2001.00587.x","article-title":"Right and left ventricular long-axis function in the fetus using angular M-mode","volume":"18","author":"Carvalho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2062","article-title":"Off-line free angular M-mode \u2013 a useful diagnostic tool in fetal arrhythmias","volume":"264","author":"De Groote","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(86)80161-9","article-title":"Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of persistent fetal arrhythmias","volume":"7","author":"Strasburger","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib24","first-page":"1063","article-title":"Investigation of fetal arrhythmias by simultaneous recording of ascending aortic and superior vena caval blood flow","volume":"94","author":"Fouron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1993.12.11.669","article-title":"Simultaneous Doppler recording of the pulmonary artery and vein: a new technique for the evaluation of a fetal arrhythmia","volume":"12","author":"DeVore","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2006.093070","article-title":"Assessment of fetal atrioventricular time intervals by tissue Doppler and pulse Doppler echocardiography: normal values and correlation with fetal electrocardiography","volume":"92","author":"Nii","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000031571.92807.CC","article-title":"Use of tissue velocity imaging in the diagnosis of fetal cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"106","author":"Rein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.8","article-title":"Fetal tissue Doppler echocardiography: detection rates of cardiac structures and quantitative assessment of the fetal heart","volume":"21","author":"Tutschek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1161\/hc3501.094231","article-title":"Identification of fetal atrial flutter by Doppler tissue imaging","volume":"104","author":"Cotton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2001.057","article-title":"Monitoring the fetal heart non-invasively: a review of methods","volume":"29","author":"Peters","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2005.09.010","article-title":"Doppler tissue imaging in the assessment of atrioventricular conduction time: validation of a novel technique and comparison with electrophysiologic and pulsed wave Doppler-derived equivalents in an animal model","volume":"19","author":"Nii","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.7.772","article-title":"Fetoscopic transesophageal electrocardiography and stimulation in fetal sheep: a minimally invasive approach aimed at diagnosis and termination of therapy-refractory supraventricular tachycardias in human fetuses","volume":"100","author":"Kohl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1160","article-title":"Multichannel mapping of fetal magnetocardiogram in an unshielded hospital setting","volume":"25","author":"Brisinda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2006.05.020","article-title":"PR interval: a comparison of electrical and mechanical methods in the fetus","volume":"83","author":"Pasquini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"S2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib35","first-page":"20","article-title":"Reference values for fetal auriculo-ventricular (av) time intervals as measured by two Doppler techniques","volume":"10","author":"Andelfinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(00)01007-3","article-title":"Doppler and M-mode ultrasonography to time fetal atrial and ventricular contractions","volume":"96","author":"Fouron","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)00867-5","article-title":"Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic assessment of the fetal PR interval","volume":"86","author":"Glickstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.79.6.582","article-title":"Ventriculo-atrial time interval measured on M mode echocardiography: a determining element in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of fetal supraventricular tachycardia","volume":"79","author":"Jaeggi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951100003206","article-title":"Irregular heart rate in the fetus: not always benign","volume":"6","author":"Simpson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1977.tb12631.x","article-title":"Fetal arrhythmia during pregnancy and labour","volume":"84","author":"Komaromy","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1159\/000091362","article-title":"Conduction system disease in fetuses evaluated for irregular cardiac rhythm","volume":"21","author":"Cuneo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970151309","article-title":"The efficacy of flecainide versus digoxin in the management of fetal supraventricular tachycardia","volume":"15","author":"Frohn-Mulder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2005.09.011","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of fetal arrhythmias","volume":"32","author":"Strasburger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90122-8","article-title":"Management outcome and follow-up of fetal tachycardia","volume":"24","author":"van Engelen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-003-0589-x","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmias in the human fetus","volume":"25","author":"Kleinman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(92)90858-V","article-title":"Supraventricular tachycardia mechanisms and their age distribution in pediatric patients","volume":"69","author":"Ko","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.13.3.191.196","article-title":"Persistent junctional reciprocating tachycardia in the fetus","volume":"13","author":"Oudijk","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.8.913","article-title":"Review of diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of fetal atrial flutter compared with supraventricular tachycardia","volume":"89","author":"Krapp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70455-X","article-title":"Fetal atrial flutter: diagnosis, clinical features, treatment, and outcome","volume":"132","author":"Jaeggi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00589-6","article-title":"Atrial flutter in the perinatal age group: diagnosis, management and outcome","volume":"35","author":"Lisowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2005.08.003","article-title":"Fetal brady- and tachyarrhythmias: new and accepted diagnostic and treatment methods","volume":"10","author":"Jaeggi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.77.3.198","article-title":"Prenatal findings in patients with prolonged QT interval in the neonatal period","volume":"77","author":"Hofbeck","year":"1997","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117973","article-title":"Fetal sinus bradycardia and the long QT syndrome","volume":"185","author":"Beinder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.79.2.195","article-title":"Familial atrial fibrillation with fetal onset","volume":"79","author":"Tikanoja","year":"1998","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1995.05060394.x","article-title":"Changes of venous blood flow velocity waveforms in fetuses with supraventricular tachycardia","volume":"5","author":"Gembruch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(93)90997-N","article-title":"Longitudinal study in 18 cases of fetal supraventricular tachycardia: Doppler echocardiographic findings and pathophysiologic implications","volume":"125","author":"Gembruch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib57","first-page":"113","article-title":"In utero diagnosis and treatment of fetal supraventricular tachycardia","volume":"9","author":"Kleinman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(98)00328-5","article-title":"Venous Doppler in the sonographic surveillance of fetuses with supraventricular tachycardia","volume":"84","author":"Gembruch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(86)90836-2","article-title":"Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: a reversible form of left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"57","author":"Packer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0960-7692.2001.00562.x","article-title":"Flecainide in the intrauterine treatment of fetal supraventricular tachycardia","volume":"19","author":"Krapp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1999.13010043.x","article-title":"Neurological morbidity after fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia","volume":"13","author":"Schade","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.1106","article-title":"Neurological outcome of children who were treated for fetal tachycardia complicated by hydrops","volume":"24","author":"Oudijk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1991.tb13511.x","article-title":"Fetal blood sampling and pregnancy loss in relation to indication","volume":"98","author":"Maxwell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib64","series-title":"Fetal cardiology","first-page":"355","article-title":"Fetal tachyarrhythmia","author":"Gembruch","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.542","article-title":"Fetal supraventricular tachycardia: a role for amiodarone as second-line therapy?","volume":"23","author":"Jouannic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81156-4","article-title":"Clinical and pharmacologic study of fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias","volume":"121","author":"Azancot-Benisty","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.65.1.46","article-title":"Flecainide in the treatment of fetal tachycardias","volume":"65","author":"Allan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199103213241201","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial","volume":"324","author":"Echt","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(91)90586-X","article-title":"Proarrhythmia, cardiac arrest and death in young patients receiving encainide and flecainide. The Pediatric Electrophysiology Group","volume":"18","author":"Fish","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01508.x","article-title":"Foetal supraventricular tachycardia treated with sotalol","volume":"87","author":"Sonesson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407073310108","article-title":"Sotalol","volume":"331","author":"Hohnloser","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.23.2721","article-title":"Sotalol in the treatment of fetal dysrhythmias","volume":"101","author":"Oudijk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00779-4","article-title":"Treatment of fetal tachycardia with sotalol: transplacental pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics","volume":"42","author":"Oudijk","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000109494.05317.58","article-title":"Amiodarone therapy for drug-refractory fetal tachycardia","volume":"109","author":"Strasburger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(89)90028-8","article-title":"Repeated intravascular treatment with amiodarone in a fetus with refractory supraventricular tachycardia and hydrops fetalis","volume":"118","author":"Gembruch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(92)90174-W","article-title":"Use of amiodarone during pregnancy","volume":"43","author":"Plomp","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970140819","article-title":"Fetal hypothyroidism as a complication of amiodarone treatment for persistent fetal supraventricular tachycardia","volume":"14","author":"De Catte","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1992.2.279","article-title":"Outcome of thyroid function in newborns from mothers treated with amiodarone","volume":"2","author":"Matsumura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211104","article-title":"Amiodarone-induced neonatal hypothyroidism: a unique form of transient early-onset hypothyroidism","volume":"24","author":"Lomenick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92027-7","article-title":"Rapid and safe termination of supraventricular tachycardia in children by adenosine","volume":"1","author":"Clarke","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(94)00314-4","article-title":"Direct fetal administration of adenosine for the termination of incessant supraventricular tachycardia","volume":"85","author":"Kohl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1590\/S0066-782X2000000700007","article-title":"Fetal tachyarrhythmia with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction. Adenosine infusion in the umbilical vein as a diagnostic test","volume":"75","author":"Leiria","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1988.16.1.39","article-title":"Intrauterine therapy of fetal tachyarrhythmias: intraperitoneal administration of antiarrhythmic drugs to the fetus in fetal tachyarrhythmias with severe hydrops fetalis","volume":"16","author":"Gembruch","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199310000-00060","article-title":"Amiodarone given by three routes to terminate fetal atrial flutter associated with severe hydrops","volume":"82","author":"Flack","year":"1993","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(99)00049-4","article-title":"Successful treatment of refractory supraventricular tachycardia by repeat intravascular injection of amiodarone in a fetus with hydrops","volume":"86","author":"Mangione","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-7-199404010-00003","article-title":"Autoantibody-associated congenital heart block: outcome in mothers and children","volume":"120","author":"Waltuck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.1918","article-title":"Atrioventricular block detected in fetal life: associated anomalies and potential prognostic markers","volume":"26","author":"Berg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1999.14050311.x","article-title":"First-trimester fetal heart block: a marker for cardiac anomaly","volume":"14","author":"Baschat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(86)90064-0","article-title":"Anatomy of congenital complete heart block and relation to maternal anti-Ro antibodies","volume":"58","author":"Ho","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00161-2","article-title":"Autoimmune-associated congenital heart block: demographics, mortality, morbidity and recurrence rates obtained from a national neonatal lupus registry","volume":"31","author":"Buyon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200108)44:8<1832::AID-ART320>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Risk of congenital complete heart block in newborns of mothers with anti-Ro\/SSA antibodies detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis: a prospective study of 100 women","volume":"44","author":"Brucato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.75.2.190","article-title":"Outcome of isolated congenital complete heart block diagnosed in utero","volume":"75","author":"Groves","year":"1996","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01697-7","article-title":"Outcome of children with fetal, neonatal or childhood diagnosis of isolated congenital atrioventricular block. A single institution's experience of 30 years","volume":"39","author":"Jaeggi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000142046.58632.3A","article-title":"Transplacental fetal treatment improves the outcome of prenatally diagnosed complete atrioventricular block without structural heart disease","volume":"110","author":"Jaeggi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e287","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000164275.69617.B2","article-title":"Letter regarding article by Jaeggi, et\u00a0al, \u2018transplacental fetal treatment improves the outcome of prenatally diagnosed complete atrioventricular block without structural heart disease\u2019","volume":"111","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1995.05050349.x","article-title":"Research protocol for fetuses with complete heart block. Fetal Cardiology Working Party of the Association of European Pediatric Cardiologists","volume":"5","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.2.313","article-title":"Effects of three courses of maternally administered dexamethasone at 0.7, 0.75, and 0.8 of gestation on prenatal and postnatal growth in sheep","volume":"113","author":"Kutzler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.049866","article-title":"Normal neuropsychological development in children with congenital complete heart block who may or may not be exposed to high-dose dexamethasone in utero","volume":"65","author":"Brucato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.12.3394","article-title":"Therapeutic trial of sympathomimetics in three cases of complete heart block in the fetus","volume":"92","author":"Groves","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(03)00220-4","article-title":"New lead for in utero pacing for fetal congenital heart block","volume":"126","author":"Assad","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521693408000023?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521693408000023?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,8]],"date-time":"2019-05-08T04:22:00Z","timestamp":1557289320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521693408000023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521693408000023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6934","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]}}}