{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T10:34:04Z","timestamp":1793529244313,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]],"date-time":"2012-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,20]],"date-time":"2011-12-20T15:29:30Z","timestamp":1324394970000},"page":"175-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Screening and follow up of vulval skin disorders"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Lois J.","family":"Eva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib1","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK. UK incidence statistics; http:\/\/info.cancerresearchuk.org\/cancerstats\/types\/vulva\/incidence\/ [last accessed 22.11.11]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.116748","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of chronic lower genital tract discomfort","volume":"185","author":"Harlow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2005.11.001","article-title":"Vulval cancer: prevention and screening","volume":"20","author":"MacLean","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31818b8c13","article-title":"Vulvar cancer and the need for awareness of precursor lesions","volume":"13","author":"MacLean","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lower Gen Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)39285-7","article-title":"An attack upon the delay period in diagnosis of pelvic cancer","volume":"57","author":"Howson","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(56)90169-7","article-title":"Variables in diagnosis: management of vulvar cancer as observed by the Philadelphia Committee for the study of pelvic cancer","volume":"72","author":"Hahn","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib7","first-page":"766","article-title":"Analyzing prior clinical events at presentation in 102 women with vulvar carcinoma: evidence of diagnostic delays","volume":"44","author":"Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7188.904","article-title":"Effect of screening on incidence of and mortality from cancer of cervix in England: evaluation based on routinely collected statistics","volume":"318","author":"Quinn","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1968.tb00169.x","article-title":"The cytology of the vulva","volume":"75","author":"Dennerstein","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31818e159a","article-title":"Vulvar cytology: useful or not?","volume":"13","author":"Dennerstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lower Gen Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib11","first-page":"269","article-title":"Cytology of the exfoliative layer in normal and diseased vulvar skin: correlation with histology","volume":"26","author":"Nauth","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib12","first-page":"1","article-title":"New aspects of vulvar cytology","volume":"26","author":"Nauth","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/01.lgt.0000229566.57482.f3","article-title":"Cytological evaluation correlates poorly with histological diagnosis of vulvar neoplasia","volume":"11","author":"Bae-Jump","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2303.2001.00348.x","article-title":"The use of cytospin monolayer technique in the cytological diagnosis of vulval and anal disease","volume":"12","author":"Levine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib15","series-title":"Cytology of the vulva: feasibility a new brush","author":"Van den Einden","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib16","series-title":"The management of vulval skin disorders","author":"Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-8258(78)90060-4","article-title":"The colposcope and vulvovaginal neoplasia","volume":"6","author":"Verdiano","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib18","first-page":"523","article-title":"Colposcopic findings in women with vulvar pain syndromes. A preliminary report","volume":"33","author":"Reid","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1995.tb11285.x","article-title":"Benign and premalignant disease of the vulva","volume":"102","author":"MacLean","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib20","first-page":"671","article-title":"Differentiating VIN from nonneoplastic epithelial disorders: the toluidine blue test","volume":"43","author":"Joura","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11461.x","article-title":"Normal findings in vulvar examination and vulvoscopy","volume":"104","author":"Van Beurden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib22","first-page":"179","article-title":"Vulvoscopy: review of a diagnostic approach requiring clarification","volume":"53","author":"Micheletti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib23","first-page":"807","article-title":"Squamous VIN. 2004 Modified Terminology, ISSVD Vulvar Oncology Subcommittee","volume":"50","author":"Sideri","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13298.x","article-title":"Inter-observer variation in histopathological diagnosis and grading of VIN: results of an European collaborative study","volume":"107","author":"Preti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib25","series-title":"Cancer and precancer of the vulva","article-title":"Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: presentation diagnosis and management","author":"Kagie","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00418-3","article-title":"Acetowhitening of the cervix and vulva as a predictor of subclinical Human Papillomavirus infection: sensitivity and specificity in a population based study","volume":"90","author":"Jonsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)35183-3","article-title":"A clinical staining test for the in\u00a0vivo delineation of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ","volume":"86","author":"Richart","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib28","first-page":"158","article-title":"A clinical stain for use in selecting biopsy sites in patients with vulvar disease","volume":"28","author":"Collins","year":"1966","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib29","first-page":"775","article-title":"Toluidine blue and colposcopy for screening and delineating vulvar neoplasia","volume":"38","author":"Broen","year":"1971","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib30","first-page":"171","article-title":"Unreliability of toluidine blue test in the early diagnosis of vulvar neoplasia","volume":"3","author":"Micheletti","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cervix LFGT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib31","first-page":"808","article-title":"Clinically identifying women with vulvar lichen sclerosus at increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma: a case control study","volume":"49","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2010.192","article-title":"Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasiais often found in lesions, previously diagnosed as lichen sclerosus, which have progressed to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"van de Niewenhof","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/IGC.0b013e3181a12fa2","article-title":"Differentiated-type vulval intraepithelial neoplasia has a high-risk association with vulval squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Eva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.11.037","article-title":"Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma development after diagnosis of VIN increases with age","volume":"45","author":"van de Nieuwenhof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1097\/01.grf.0000181738.37911.03","article-title":"Squamous VIN","volume":"48","author":"Preti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2003.01211.x","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus","volume":"28","author":"Tasker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib37","first-page":"9","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus","volume":"57","author":"Wallace","year":"1971","journal-title":"Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4943(00)00059-5","article-title":"Vulvovaginal examinations in elderly nursing home women residents","volume":"31","author":"Leibovitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09997.x","article-title":"British Association of Dermatologists\u2019 guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus 2010","volume":"163","author":"Neill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.05012.x","article-title":"BAD: guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus","volume":"147","author":"Neill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.05.031","article-title":"Guidelines for the follow up of women with vulvar lichen sclerosus in specialist clinics","volume":"198","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(98)90198-8","article-title":"Vulvar lichen sclerosus and squamous cell carcinoma: a cohort case control and investigational study with historical perspective: implications for chronic inflammation and sclerosus in the development of neoplasia","volume":"29","author":"Carlson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-199512000-00008","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma arising in vulval lichen sclerosus: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Carli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02502.x","article-title":"The epithelial changes associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a review of the clinical histological and viral findings in 78 women","volume":"97","author":"Leibowitch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib45","first-page":"25","article-title":"Analysis of alterations adjacent to invasive vulvar cancer and their relationship with the associated carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Vilmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Gynaecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1991.tb00626.x","article-title":"The treatment of vulval lichen sclerosus with a very potent topical steroid (clobetasol 0.05%) cream","volume":"124","author":"Dalziel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib47","first-page":"25","article-title":"Long term control of vulval lichen sclerosus after treatment with a potent topical steroid cream","volume":"38","author":"Dalziel","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.6.702","article-title":"Does treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus influence it\u2019s prognosis?","volume":"140","author":"Cooper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.6.709","article-title":"Vulvar lichen sclerosus: effect of long term topical application of a potent steroid on the course of the disease","volume":"140","author":"Renaud-VIlmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70631-3","article-title":"Clobetasol dipropionate 0.05% versus testosterone propionate 2% topical application for severe vulvar lichen sclerosus","volume":"178","author":"Borstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2010.01142.x","article-title":"Long term management of vulval lichen sclerosus in adult women","volume":"50","author":"Bradford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610701251539","article-title":"Long term follow up of patients with lichen sclerosus: does it really happen?","volume":"27","author":"Balasubramaniam","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31817578ba","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of vulvar skin disorders","volume":"111","author":"Anonymous. ACOG Practice Bulletin No 93","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.113474","article-title":"Childhood vulvar sclerosus: an increasingly common problem","volume":"44","author":"Powell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib55","first-page":"69","article-title":"Genital lichen sclerosus in childhood and adolescence","volume":"86","author":"Ridley","year":"1993","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2009.00530.x","article-title":"Paediatric vulval lichen sclerosus","volume":"50","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib57","first-page":"706","article-title":"Childhood vulvar lichen sclerosus: the course after puberty","volume":"47","author":"Powell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2009.01022.x","article-title":"Childhood onset vulvar lichen sclerosus does not resolve at puberty: a prospective case series","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.1999.00102.x","article-title":"Labial fusion in children: a presenting feature of genital lichen sclerosus?","volume":"16","author":"Gibbon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2009.01050.x","article-title":"Childhood vulvar lichen sclerosus: a long term follow up","volume":"27","author":"Patrizi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pgp.0000177646.38266.6a","article-title":"Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma is a multifactorial disease following two separate and independent pathways","volume":"25","author":"van der Avoort","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2008.02.012","article-title":"Review of squamous premalignant vulvar lesions","volume":"68","author":"van de Nieuwenhof","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib63","first-page":"973","article-title":"Report of the ISSVD Terminology Committee on VIN","volume":"31","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91623-I","article-title":"In situ and invasive vulvar cancer incidence trends","volume":"166","author":"Sturgeon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)00101-X","article-title":"Intraepithelial and invasive squamous cell neoplasia of the vulva; trends in incidence, recurrence and survival rate in Norway","volume":"91","author":"Iversen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib66","first-page":"741","article-title":"VIN 3: a clinical study of the outcome in 113 cases with relation to the later development of invasive vulvar carcinoma","volume":"84","author":"Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00298-6","article-title":"Trends in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: the influence of VIN","volume":"90","author":"Jones","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib68","first-page":"613","article-title":"Trends in vulvar neoplasia: increasing incidence of VIN and SCC of the vulva in young women","volume":"45","author":"Joura","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-09-0209","article-title":"The etiologic role of HPV in squamous cell carcinoma fine tuned","volume":"18","author":"van de Nieuwenhof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2005.02.012","article-title":"Is the assumed natural history of VIN 3 based on enough evidence? A systematic review of 3322 published patients","volume":"97","author":"van Seters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2005.12.015","article-title":"Letter to the editor: Re: Is the assumed natural history of VIN 3 based on enough evidence? A systematic review of 3322 published patients","volume":"101","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000187301.76283.7f","article-title":"VIN: aspects of the natural history and outcome in 405 women","volume":"106","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib73","first-page":"45","article-title":"Colposcopic assessment of the lower genital tract in female renal transplant recipients","volume":"26","author":"MacLean","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib74","first-page":"431","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and HIV coinfection and the risk of neoplasias of the lower genital tract: a review of recent developments","volume":"169","author":"Ferenczy","year":"2003","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2005.08.012","article-title":"Evaluation of different treatment modalities for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN): CO(2) laser vaporization, photodynamic therapy, excision and vulvectomy","volume":"100","author":"Hillemans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0004-8666.2002.00075.x","article-title":"High grade VIN3: a retrospective analysis of patient characteristics, management, outcome and relationship to squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva 1989\u20131999","volume":"42","author":"Sykes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust NZJ Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199904000-00041","article-title":"VIN III: occult cancer and the impact of margin status on recurrence","volume":"93","author":"Modessit","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-8258(88)90284-3","article-title":"Unrecognized invasive carcinoma in VIN","volume":"31","author":"Chafe","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09771.x","article-title":"Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia: long term follow up of treated and untreated women","volume":"103","author":"Herod","year":"1996","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072685","article-title":"Treatment of VIN with topical imiquimod","volume":"358","author":"van Seters","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib81","unstructured":"Terlou A, van Seters M, Heijmans-Antonissen C, et\u00a0al. Treatment of VIN with topical imiquimod: long-term (>5 years) follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Presented at ECSVD meeting 2010, Munich."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2007.10.023","article-title":"Imiquimod for treatment of vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"101","author":"Iavazzo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-199902000-00023","article-title":"Lower genital tract neoplasia in HIV infected women: guidelines for evaluation and treatment","volume":"54","author":"Spitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1996.0161","article-title":"VIN in women with or at risk for human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"61","author":"Korn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e3181d95c71","article-title":"Update of intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva: proceedings of a workshop at the 2009 world congress of the ISSVD","volume":"14","author":"Heller","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Low Gen Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19950615)75:12<2879::AID-CNCR2820751214>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Multifocal VIN III and multicentric lower genital tract neoplasia is associated with transcriptionally active human papillomavirus","volume":"75","author":"Van Beurden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605124","article-title":"Patients with usual vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia-related vulvar cancer have an increased risk of cervical abnormalities","volume":"101","author":"de Bie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(00)00949-2","article-title":"Spontaneous regression of VIN 2-3","volume":"96","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2003.1110901.x","article-title":"Small vulvar squamous cell carcinomas and adjacent tissues: a morphological study","volume":"111","author":"Poulson","year":"2003","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pgp.0000236944.36593.d0","article-title":"Progression of simplex (differentiated) vulval intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective case study confirming its precursor role in the pathogenesis of vulvar cancer","volume":"26","author":"Roma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib91","unstructured":"Eva LJ, Bigby S, Fong KL, et\u00a0al. The natural history of VIN, differentiated type [abstract], 2009 XXth ISSVD World Congress, Edinburgh."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/00004347-200101000-00003","article-title":"VIN: historical aspects of current status","volume":"20","author":"Hart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pgp.0000189238.19027.df","article-title":"Pathologic audit of 164 consecutive cases of VIN","volume":"25","author":"Scurry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/00128360-200607000-00008","article-title":"Review of terminology of precursors of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Scurry","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/pgp.0b0318134ea34","article-title":"Differentiated intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva","volume":"27","author":"Mulvany","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800796","article-title":"MIB1 expression in basal cell layer: a diagnostic tool to identify premalignancies of the vulva","volume":"20","author":"van der Avoort","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23857","article-title":"A panel of p16INK4A, MIB1 and p53 proteins can distinguish between the two pathways leading to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"123","author":"van der Avoort","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000180444.71775.1a","article-title":"Histopathologic study of thin vulvar squamous cell carcinomas and associated cutaneous lesions: a correlative study of 48 tumours in 44 patients with analysis of adjacent VIN types and lichen sclerosus","volume":"30","author":"Chiesa-Vottero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200003000-00013","article-title":"VIN of the simplex (differentiated) type: a clinicopathological study including analysis of HPV and p53 expression","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib100","first-page":"397","article-title":"Vulval squamous cell carcinoma occurring on a background of differentiated vulval intraepithelial neoplasia is more likely to recur: a review of 154 cases","volume":"53","author":"Eva","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.2001.6198","article-title":"Prognostic significance of epithelial disorders adjacent to invasive vulvar carcinomas","volume":"81","author":"Rouzier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60777-6","article-title":"Efficacy of a quadrivalent prophylactic human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16 and 18) L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against high-grade vulval and vaginal lesions: a combined analysis of three clinical trials","volume":"369","author":"Joura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521693411001672?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521693411001672?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T16:50:34Z","timestamp":1543337434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521693411001672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521693411001672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.11.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6934","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]}}}