{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T19:02:13Z","timestamp":1773428533862,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,17]],"date-time":"2012-03-17T19:15:22Z","timestamp":1332011722000},"page":"441-449","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Vaginal microbicides to prevent human immunodeficiency virus infection in women: Perspectives on the female genital tract, sexual maturity and mucosal inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Lindi","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lenine","family":"Liebenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaun","family":"Barnabas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo-Ann","family":"Passmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.7.753","article-title":"Anti-HIV microbicide efforts press on","volume":"296","author":"Voelker","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833062dc","article-title":"Estimates of HIV incidence from household-based prevalence surveys","volume":"24","author":"Hallett","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011094","article-title":"A decline in new HIV infections in South Africa: estimating HIV incidence from three national HIV surveys in 2002, 2005 and 2008","volume":"5","author":"Rehle","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01483.x","article-title":"A community-based study to examine the effect of a youth HIV prevention intervention on young people aged 15-24 in South Africa: results of the baseline survey","volume":"10","author":"Pettifor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5840","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5840-5848.2001","article-title":"Distinct proinflammatory host responses to Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in immortalized human cervical and vaginal epithelial cells","volume":"69","author":"Fichorova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1086\/600867","article-title":"Disruption of tight junctions by cellulose sulfate facilitates HIV infection: model of microbicide safety","volume":"200","author":"Mesquita","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193748","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women","volume":"329","author":"Abdool Karim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.4.677","article-title":"A cytokine switch induced by human seminal plasma: an immune modulation with implications for sexually transmitted disease","volume":"12","author":"Kelly","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib9","first-page":"387","article-title":"Immunosuppression by seminal prostaglandins","volume":"75","author":"Quayle","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200303070-00001","article-title":"Recent observations on HIV type-1 infection in the genital tract of men and women","volume":"17","author":"Coombs","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01822.x","article-title":"Mucosal immune responses in the genital tract of HIV-1-exposed uninfected women","volume":"262","author":"Hirbod","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(02)00019-0","article-title":"The innate and early immune response to pathogen challenge in the female genital tract and the pivotal role of epithelial cells","volume":"57","author":"Quayle","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00843.x","article-title":"HIV infection in the female genital tract: discrete influence of the local mucosal microenvironment","volume":"63","author":"Kaushic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11196","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01899-08","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is trapped by acidic but not by neutralized human cervicovaginal mucus","volume":"83","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01898.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and TLR-mediated cytokine\/chemokine production by human uterine epithelial cells","volume":"112","author":"Schaefer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.043133","article-title":"Immunological microenvironments in the human vagina and cervix: mediators of cellular immunity are concentrated in the cervical transformation zone","volume":"73","author":"Pudney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1086\/513820","article-title":"Increase in endocervical CD4 lymphocytes among women with nonulcerative sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"177","author":"Levine","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00943.x","article-title":"The effects of commensal bacteria on innate immune responses in the female genital tract","volume":"65","author":"Mirmonsef","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.27.2.251-256.1989","article-title":"Prevalence of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus species in normal women and women with bacterial aginosis","volume":"27","author":"Eschenbach","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1885","article-title":"HIV receptors and the pathogenesis of AIDS","volume":"272","author":"Weiss","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6324","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02328-05","article-title":"Non-macrophage-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 R5 envelopes predominate in blood, lymph nodes, and semen: implications for transmission and pathogenesis","volume":"80","author":"Peters","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162033485357","article-title":"HIV-1 coreceptor usage, transmission, and disease progression","volume":"1","author":"Philpott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00939.x","article-title":"Early HIV-1 target cells in human vaginal and ectocervical mucosa","volume":"65","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1005","article-title":"Entry of viruses through the epithelial barrier: pathogenic trickery","volume":"4","author":"Bomsel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro729","article-title":"Inhibiting sexual transmission of HIV-1 infection","volume":"1","author":"Shattock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1999.00675.x","article-title":"Distribution of lymphocytes and adhesion molecules in human cervix and vagina","volume":"96","author":"Johansson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5443.1353","article-title":"Sexual transmission and propagation of SIV and HIV in resting and activated CD4+ T cells","volume":"286","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5577","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.12.5577-5586.2000","article-title":"Parameters of human immunodeficiency virus infection of human cervical tissue and inhibition by vaginal microbicides","volume":"74","author":"Greenhead","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9868","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.19.9868-9876.2002","article-title":"Memory CD4+ T cells are the earliest detectable human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected cells in the female genital mucosal tissue during HIV-1 transmission in an organ culture system","volume":"76","author":"Gupta","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.01.007","article-title":"Initial events in establishing vaginal entry and infection by human immunodeficiency virus type-1","volume":"26","author":"Hladik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1541","article-title":"Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells","volume":"13","author":"de Witte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19464","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703747104","article-title":"Syndecan-3 is a dendritic cell-specific attachment receptor for HIV-1","volume":"104","author":"de Witte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80694-7","article-title":"DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell-specific HIV-1-binding protein that enhances trans-infection of T cells","volume":"100","author":"Geijtenbeek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-09-3129","article-title":"Immunodeficiency virus uptake, turnover, and 2-phase transfer in human dendritic cells","volume":"103","author":"Turville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02132-08","article-title":"Quantitating the multiplicity of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C reveals a non-poisson distribution of transmitted variants","volume":"83","author":"Abrahams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-080709-124959","article-title":"Early events in sexual transmission of HIV and SIV and opportunities for intervention","volume":"62","author":"Haase","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9217","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.14.9217-9227.2005","article-title":"Propagation and dissemination of infection after vaginal transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus","volume":"79","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07831","article-title":"Glycerol monolaurate prevents mucosal SIV transmission","volume":"458","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12164","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.19.12164-12172.2005","article-title":"Temporal and anatomic relationship between virus replication and cytokine gene expression after vaginal Simian Immunodeficiency Virus infection","volume":"72","author":"Abel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.040931","article-title":"Defining the genital immune correlates of protection against HIV acquisition: co-infections and other potential confounders","volume":"87","author":"Kaul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132612","article-title":"Immunological and inflammatory functions of the interleukin-1 family","volume":"27","author":"Dinarello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1917","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and chronic inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Gabay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arth Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e746","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03077.x","article-title":"Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection and inflammation on composition and yield of cervical mononuclear cells in the female genital tract","volume":"128","author":"Nkwanyana","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7682337","article-title":"Preferential migration of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in response to MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta","volume":"260","author":"Taub","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00287.x","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity in female genital tract: cellular responses and interactions","volume":"206","author":"Wira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838521","article-title":"Langerhans cells and viral immunity","volume":"38","author":"Cunningham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.2.248","article-title":"Increase of CCR1 and CCR5 expression and enhanced functional response to MIP-1\u03b1 during differentiation of human monocytes to macrophages","volume":"69","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.17.1.f132","article-title":"The role of nuclear factor-\u03baB in cytokine gene regulation","volume":"17","author":"Blackwell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7533","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.9.7533-7542.1999","article-title":"Thymocyte-thymic epithelial cell interaction leads to high-level replication of human immunodeficiency virus exclusively in mature CD4(+) CD8(\u2212) CD3(+) thymocytes: a critical role for tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-7","volume":"73","author":"Chene","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16452","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M309789200","article-title":"Identification of an auto-regulatory feedback pathway involving IL-1\u03b1 in induction of constitutive NF-\u03baB activation in pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"279","author":"Niu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000852","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000852","article-title":"Exposure to HIV-1 directly impairs mucosal epithelial barrier integrity allowing microbial translocation","volume":"6","author":"Nazli","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Path"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G669","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1996.271.4.G669","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces Cl\u2212 and K+ secretion in human distal colon driven by prostaglandin E2","volume":"271","author":"Schmitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Pathol Gastroenterol Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2006.0132","article-title":"Cervical cytokine responses in women with primary or recurrent chlamydial infection","volume":"27","author":"Agrawal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.01.004","article-title":"Atopobium vaginae triggers an innate immune response in an in\u00a0vitro model of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"10","author":"Libby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00386-06","article-title":"Cervicovaginal levels of lactoferrin, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, and RANTES and the effects of coexisting vaginoses in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative women with a high risk of heterosexual acquisition of HIV infection","volume":"14","author":"Novak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddmec.2007.12.003","article-title":"More than their sum in your parts: the mechanisms that underpin the mutually advantageous relationship between HIV and sexually transmitted infections","volume":"4","author":"Rebbapragada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today Dis Mech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02564.x","article-title":"Cytokine expression pattern in the genital tract of Chlamydia trachomatis-positive infertile women\u2014implications for T cell responses","volume":"137","author":"Reddy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(03)00566-0","article-title":"Clinical and cervical cytokine response to treatment with oral or vaginal metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy: a randomized trial","volume":"102","author":"Yudin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440330102012","article-title":"Postcoital vaginal bleeding as a risk factor for transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus in a heterosexual partner study in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro Heterosexual Study Group","volume":"157","author":"Guimaraes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei496","article-title":"Seminal plasma promotes the attraction of Langerhans cells via secretion of CCL20 by vaginal epithelial cells: involvement in the sexual transmission of HIV","volume":"21","author":"Berlier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gam028","article-title":"Seminal plasma differentially regulates inflammatory cytokine gene expression in human cervical and vaginal epithelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Sharkey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib62","first-page":"896","article-title":"Estradiol amplifies interleukin-1-induced monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression by ectopic endometrial cells of women with endometriosis","volume":"85","author":"Akoum","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-10-3380","article-title":"17beta-estradiol (E2) modulates cytokine and chemokine expression in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"104","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1086\/427190","article-title":"Influence of sex hormones, HIV status, and concomitant sexually transmitted infection on cervicovaginal inflammation","volume":"191","author":"Ghanem","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(97)00060-0","article-title":"Female steroid hormones regulate production of pro-inflammatory molecules in uterine leukocytes","volume":"35","author":"Hunt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib66","series-title":"Scientific foundations of paediatrics","first-page":"176","article-title":"Puberty","author":"Marshall","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1086\/318710","article-title":"Understanding the bacterial flora of the female genital tract","volume":"32","author":"Larsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.62.1.57","article-title":"Microbiology of the vagina in children: normal and potentially pathogenic organisms","volume":"62","author":"Hammerschlag","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib69","series-title":"Textbook of aging skin","first-page":"255","article-title":"Unique skin immunology of the lower female genital tract with age","author":"Summers","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gco.0000242952.87125.69","article-title":"Pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Gray-Swain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08823-2","article-title":"The spread and effect of HIV-1 infection in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"359","author":"Buv\u00e9","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(02)00536-0","article-title":"Mucosal immunity of the adolescent female genital tract","volume":"32","author":"Shrier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.684","article-title":"HIV sexual transmission and microbicides","volume":"21","author":"Arien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.09.018","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of anti-HIV microbicide products: new models and biomarkers","volume":"88S","author":"Doncel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1086\/322047","article-title":"The molecular basis of nonoxynol-9-induced vaginal inflammation and its possible relevance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission","volume":"184","author":"Fichorova","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199908200-00011","article-title":"Phase 1 trial of nonoxynol-9 film among sex workers in South Africa","volume":"13","author":"Rustomjee","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.59.061206.112737","article-title":"Antiretroviral drug-based microbicides to present HIV-1 sexual transmission","volume":"59","author":"Klasse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000159671.25950.74","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo: the story of nonoxynol 9","volume":"39","author":"Hillier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60202-5","article-title":"Microbicide drug candidates to prevent HIV infection","volume":"369","author":"Balzarini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.12.3427-3432.2001","article-title":"Papillomavirus microbicidal activities of high-molecular-weight cellulose sulfate, dextran sulfate, and polystyrene sulfonate","volume":"45","author":"Christensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2006.02.008","article-title":"Fourteen-day safety and acceptability study of 6% cellulose sulfate gel: a randomized double-blind Phase I safety study","volume":"74","author":"Schwartz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.267.14.1917b","article-title":"Heterosexual transmission of HIV","volume":"267","author":"Voeller","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.4.3.367-374.1997","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo semen-associated pH neutralization of cervicovaginal secretions","volume":"4","author":"Tevi-Benissan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib84","first-page":"S17","article-title":"The vaginal microbial ecosystem and resistance to HIV","volume":"14","author":"Hillier","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31813347e9","article-title":"Phase I safety trial of two vaginal microbicide gels (Acidform or BufferGel) used with a diaphragm compared to KY jelly used with a diaphragm","volume":"34","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2005.12.006","article-title":"Vaginal safety after use of a bioadhesive, acid-buffering, microbicidal contraceptive gel (ACIDFORM) and a 2% nonoxynol-9 product","volume":"73","author":"Amaral","year":"2006","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318175d8ab","article-title":"Vaginal microbicide and diaphragm use for sexually transmitted infection prevention: a randomized acceptability and feasibility study among high-risk women in Madagascar","volume":"35","author":"Behets","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(02)02117-8","article-title":"Treatment of vulvovaginal lichen planus with vaginal hydrocortisone suppositories","volume":"100","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib89","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Gastroduodenal mucosa and dyspeptic symptoms in arthritic patients during chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use","volume":"82","author":"Larkai","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(89)90344-6","article-title":"Mechanisms of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric damage","volume":"86","author":"Schoen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1977.tb07522.x","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying gastric mucosal damage induced by indomethacin and bile salts, and the actions of prostaglandins","volume":"60","author":"Whittle","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.043","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory agents: present and future","volume":"140","author":"Dinarello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.3.648","article-title":"Effects of doxycycline and antiinflammatory agents on experimentally induced chlamydial upper genital tract infection in female macaques","volume":"175","author":"Patton","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91380-7","article-title":"Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in rural Tanzania: randomized controlled trial","volume":"346","author":"Grosskurth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040102","article-title":"Impact and process evaluation of integrated community and clinic-based HIV-1 control: a cluster-randomised trial in Eastern Zimbabwe","volume":"4","author":"Gregson","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12598-6","article-title":"Syndromic management of sexually-transmitted infections and behaviour change interventions on transmission of HIV-1 in rural Uganda: a community randomised trial","volume":"361","author":"Kamali","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06439-3","article-title":"Control of sexually transmitted diseases for AIDS prevention in Uganda: a randomised community trial","volume":"353","author":"Wawer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib98","first-page":"CD006289","article-title":"Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"4","author":"Senok","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11993","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504881102","article-title":"Toward a live microbial microbicide for HIV: commensal bacteria secreting an HIV fusion inhibitor peptide","volume":"102","author":"Rao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521693412000491?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521693412000491?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T06:57:08Z","timestamp":1687330628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521693412000491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1521693412000491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.02.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6934","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}}}