{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T12:45:07Z","timestamp":1792759507904,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T22:34:58Z","timestamp":1658183698000},"page":"53-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["The opioid epidemic"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1936-0669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelynn L.","family":"Cook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib1","series-title":"America's addiction to opioids: heroin and prescription drug abuse","year":"2014"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib2","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers \u2013 United States, 1999\u20132008","volume":"60","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a2","article-title":"Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths \u2013 27 States, 2013\u20132014","volume":"65","author":"Gladden","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6634a2","article-title":"Trends in deaths involving heroin and synthetic opioids excluding methadone, and law enforcement drug product reports, by census region \u2013 United States, 2006\u20132015","volume":"66","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095343","article-title":"The effects of the opioid crisis on agricultural industries","volume":"19","author":"Radunovich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000625","article-title":"The economic burden of prescription opioid overdose, abuse, and dependence in the United States, 2013","volume":"54","author":"Florence","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib7","series-title":"Opioid- and stimulant-related harms in Canada","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2019.07.001","article-title":"Opioids and reproduction","volume":"111","author":"Seeber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490701375293","article-title":"Illicit use of opioids: is OxyContin a \u201cgateway drug\u201d?","volume":"16","author":"Grau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.01.011","article-title":"Medical use, medical misuse, and nonmedical use of prescription opioids: results from a longitudinal study","volume":"154","author":"McCabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S24800","article-title":"Problematic use of prescription-type opioids prior to heroin use among young heroin injectors","volume":"2","author":"Pollini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5790","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5790","article-title":"Postsurgical prescriptions for opioid naive patients and association with overdose and misuse: retrospective cohort study","volume":"360","author":"Brat","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2016.03.002","article-title":"Opioid use disorders","volume":"25","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20457","article-title":"Estimating treatment coverage for people with substance use disorders: an analysis of data from the World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"16","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0217","article-title":"The burden of opioid-related mortality in the United States","volume":"1","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib16","first-page":"569","article-title":"Decline in drug overdose deaths after state policy changes - Florida, 2010-2012","volume":"63","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib17","series-title":"2001\u20132011. State admissions to substance abuse treatment services","article-title":"Treatment episode data set (TEDS)","year":"2017"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.3951","article-title":"Neonatal abstinence syndrome and associated health care expenditures: United States, 2000-2009","volume":"307","author":"Patrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib19","series-title":"Discharges from substance abuse treatment services","article-title":"Treatment Episode Data Set: 2007","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib20","series-title":"Wide-ranging ONline data for epidemiologic research (WONDER)","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12133","article-title":"Prescription opioid abuse in the UK","volume":"76","author":"Giraudon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib22","unstructured":"Prevention CfDCa. Opioid Overdose: Understanding the epidemic."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.018","article-title":"National trends in pharmaceutical opioid related overdose deaths compared to other substance related overdose deaths: 1999-2009","volume":"131","author":"Calcaterra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054496","article-title":"Intertwined epidemics: national demographic trends in hospitalizations for heroin- and opioid-related overdoses, 1993-2009","volume":"8","author":"Unick","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.prcp.20190051","article-title":"Opioid use disorder in women and the implications for treatment","volume":"3","author":"Barbosa-Leiker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1141","article-title":"An epidemic in the midst of a pandemic: opioid use disorder and COVID-19","volume":"173","author":"Alexander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000684","article-title":"Opioid use disorder and COVID-19: crashing of the crises","volume":"14","author":"Khatri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addiction Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib28","series-title":"Increase in fatal drug overdoses across the United States driven by synthetic opioids before and during the COVID-19 pandemic","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.5114\/ait.2020.94756","article-title":"The opioid crisis in North America: facts and future lessons for Europe","volume":"52","author":"Ayoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-016-0468-5","article-title":"Impact of primary healthcare providers' initial role security and therapeutic commitment on implementing brief interventions in managing risky alcohol consumption: a cluster randomised factorial trial","volume":"11","author":"Keurhorst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.05.007","article-title":"Attitudes, perceptions and practice of alcohol and drug screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment: a case study of New York State primary care physicians and non-physician providers","volume":"139","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Publ Health"}],"container-title":["Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521693422001018?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1521693422001018?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T17:14:06Z","timestamp":1761498846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1521693422001018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S1521693422001018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1521-6934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1521-6934","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The opioid epidemic","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}