{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T17:11:06Z","timestamp":1773853866120,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101055413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101055413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006221","name":"United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001742","name":"United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001742","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biophysical Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T07:44:45Z","timestamp":1761983085000},"page":"100235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Refractive index as an indicator for dynamic protein condensation in cell nuclei"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Orlando","family":"Marin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9162-9485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Kirchweger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arina","family":"Dalaloyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoav","family":"Barak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7915-5512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Elbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.7","article-title":"Biomolecular condensates: organizers of cellular biochemistry","volume":"18","author":"Banani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172046","article-title":"Germline P Granules Are Liquid Droplets That Localize by Controlled Dissolution\/Condensation","volume":"324","author":"Brangwynne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23320","article-title":"Proteins evolve on the edge of supramolecular self-assembly","volume":"548","author":"Garcia-Seisdedos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.01.022","article-title":"An atlas of protein homo-oligomerization across domains of life","volume":"187","author":"Schweke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.08.013","article-title":"The expanding amyloid family: Structure, stability, function, and pathogenesis","volume":"184","author":"Sawaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4976","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CS01065A","article-title":"Protein misfolding and amyloid nucleation through liquid\u2013liquid phase separation","volume":"53","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7160","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV118.001188","article-title":"Matter over mind: Liquid phase separation and neurodegeneration","volume":"294","author":"Elbaum-Garfinkle","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-020-0576-z","article-title":"Designer protein assemblies with tunable phase diagrams in living cells","volume":"16","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201309163","article-title":"Supramolecular Protein Assemblies in the Nucleus of Human Cells","volume":"53","author":"Bellapadrona","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.5b00435","article-title":"Supramolecular Assembly and Coalescence of Ferritin Cages Driven by Designed Protein\u2013Protein Interactions","volume":"16","author":"Bellapadrona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6231","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b02480","article-title":"Design of a Redox-Sensitive Supramolecular Protein Assembly System Operating in Live Cells","volume":"16","author":"Bellapadrona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.048","article-title":"Mapping Local and Global Liquid Phase Behavior in Living Cells Using Photo-Oligomerizable Seeds","volume":"175","author":"Bracha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib13","author":"McCall"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib14","article-title":"Three-dimensional label-free imaging and quantification of lipid droplets in live hepatocytes","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38118-z","article-title":"RNA-mediated demixing transition of low-density condensates","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9223","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1919569117","article-title":"Holographic virtual staining of individual biological cells","volume":"117","author":"Nygate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-018-0253-x","article-title":"Quantitative phase imaging in biomedicine","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201500273","article-title":"Cell nuclei have lower refractive index and mass density than cytoplasm","volume":"9","author":"Sch\u00fcrmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biophot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-024-00327-1","article-title":"Holotomography","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.79903","article-title":"Fixation can change the appearance of phase separation in living cells","volume":"11","author":"Irgen-Gioro","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.057","article-title":"Liquid Nuclear Condensates Mechanically Sense and Restructure the Genome","volume":"175","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60771-9","article-title":"Chromatin heterogeneity modulates nuclear condensate dynamics and phase behavior","volume":"16","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.047","article-title":"A Liquid-to-Solid Phase Transition of the ALS Protein FUS Accelerated by Disease Mutation","volume":"162","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.054","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Control of Intracellular Phase Transitions Using Light-Activated optoDroplets","volume":"168","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62605-0","article-title":"Conserved nucleocytoplasmic density homeostasis drives cellular organization across eukaryotes","volume":"16","author":"Biswas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.07.034","article-title":"Condensate interfacial forces reposition DNA loci and probe chromatin viscoelasticity","volume":"187","author":"Strom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ar154","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E24-03-0128","article-title":"Optical characterization of molecular interaction strength in protein condensates","volume":"35","author":"Beck","year":"2024","journal-title":"MBoC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2009.03.016","article-title":"A simple additive model for polarizabilities: Application to amino acids","volume":"472","author":"Kassimi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2011.03.004","article-title":"On the Distribution of Protein Refractive Index Increments","volume":"100","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/aae000","article-title":"Protein refractive index increment is determined by conformation as well as composition","volume":"30","author":"Khago","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib32","article-title":"Estimation of the mass density of biological matter from refractive index measurements","volume":"4","author":"M\u00f6ckel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2016.10.043","article-title":"Phase Transitions in Biological Systems with Many Components","volume":"112","author":"Jacobs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017150108","article-title":"Active liquid-like behavior of nucleoli determines their size and shape in Xenopus laevis oocytes","volume":"108","author":"Brangwynne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Biophysical Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667074725000400?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667074725000400?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T10:42:21Z","timestamp":1773830541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2667074725000400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2667074725000400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-0747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-0747","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Refractive index as an indicator for dynamic protein condensation in cell nuclei","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biophysical Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpr.2025.100235","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Biophysical Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100235"}}