{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:30:46Z","timestamp":1777480246061,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression Young Investigator"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23MH110661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23MH110661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01MH112774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01MH112774"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50MH103204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50MH103204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T12:47:47Z","timestamp":1548852467000},"page":"454-461","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association Between Duration of Untreated Psychosis and Frontostriatal Connectivity During Maintenance of Visuospatial Working Memory"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ashwinee","family":"Manivannan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Foran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Jalbrzikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vishnu P.","family":"Murty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gretchen L.","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Goda","family":"Tarcijonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepak K.","family":"Sarpal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400124","article-title":"Duration of untreated psychosis in community treatment settings in the United States","volume":"66","author":"Addington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.127753","article-title":"Duration of untreated psychosis as predictor of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"205","author":"Penttila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.9.1183","article-title":"Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"149","author":"Loebel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.185.1.18","article-title":"Predictors of antipsychotic treatment response in patients with first-episode schizophrenia, schizoaffective and schizophreniform disorders","volume":"185","author":"Perkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.3.473","article-title":"Symptomatic and functional recovery from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder","volume":"161","author":"Robinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0335-3","article-title":"Reducing the duration of untreated psychosis and its impact in the U.S.: The STEP-ED study","volume":"14","author":"Srihari","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.11.018","article-title":"Gray matter abnormalities associated with duration of untreated psychosis","volume":"83","author":"Lappin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib8","first-page":"350","article-title":"Computed tomography of the brain morphology of patients with first-episode schizophrenic psychosis","volume":"27","author":"Malla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.12.015","article-title":"Caudate nucleus volume and its clinical and cognitive correlations in first episode schizophrenia","volume":"91","author":"Crespo-Facorro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002341","article-title":"Does active psychosis cause neurobiological pathology? A critical review of the neurotoxicity hypothesis","volume":"44","author":"Rund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.142","article-title":"Untreated initial psychosis: Relation to cognitive deficits and brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"160","author":"Ho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.01.021","article-title":"Minimal evidence that untreated psychosis damages brain structures: A systematic review","volume":"162","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.11.003","article-title":"Lack of an inverse relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and cognitive function in first episode schizophrenia","volume":"107","author":"Goldberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.06.021","article-title":"Duration of untreated psychosis and neurocognition in first-episode psychosis: A meta-analysis","volume":"193","author":"Bora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4595","article-title":"Association of hippocampal atrophy with duration of untreated psychosis and molecular biomarkers during initial antipsychotic treatment of first-episode psychosis","volume":"75","author":"Goff","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.55","article-title":"Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and intrinsic corticostriatal connectivity in patients with early phase schizophrenia","volume":"42","author":"Sarpal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1734","article-title":"Antipsychotic treatment and functional connectivity of the striatum in first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"72","author":"Sarpal","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv228","article-title":"Aberrant hippocampal connectivity in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and effects of antipsychotic medication: A longitudinal resting state functional MRI study","volume":"42","author":"Kraguljac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.94","article-title":"Modulation of limbic circuitry predicts treatment response to antipsychotic medication: A functional imaging study in schizophrenia","volume":"34","author":"Lahti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.14121571","article-title":"Baseline striatal functional connectivity as a predictor of response to antipsychotic drug treatment","volume":"173","author":"Sarpal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015031","article-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of working memory","volume":"66","author":"D\u2019Esposito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.3.280","article-title":"Selective deficits in prefrontal cortex function in medication-naive patients with schizophrenia","volume":"58","author":"Barch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.02.017","article-title":"Mechanisms of working memory impairment in schizophrenia","volume":"80","author":"Van Snellenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.91","article-title":"Meta-analysis of 41 functional neuroimaging studies of executive function in schizophrenia","volume":"66","author":"Minzenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.12.025","article-title":"Re-evaluating dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation during working memory in schizophrenia","volume":"108","author":"Karlsgodt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib26","article-title":"Differentiating between clinical and behavioral phenotypes in first-episode psychosis during maintenance of visuospatial working memory","author":"Jalbrzikowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib27","series-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence","author":"Wechsler","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib28","first-page":"112","article-title":"Anchoring the BPRS: An aid to improved reliability","volume":"24","author":"Woerner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.08.040","article-title":"Antipsychotic dose equivalents and dose-years: A standardized method for comparing exposure to different drugs","volume":"67","author":"Andreasen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib30","series-title":"Social Class and Mental Illness","author":"Hollingshead","year":"1958"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.03.012","article-title":"A\u00a0wavelet method for modeling and despiking motion artifacts from resting-state fMRI time series","volume":"95","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1635","article-title":"Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data","volume":"8","author":"Yarkoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507610113","article-title":"Regional specialization within the human striatum for diverse psychological functions","volume":"113","author":"Pauli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn041","article-title":"Functional connectivity of human striatum: A resting state FMRI study","volume":"18","author":"Di Martino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss055","article-title":"Tools of the trade: Psychophysiological interactions and functional connectivity","volume":"7","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr107","article-title":"Working memory encoding and maintenance deficits in schizophrenia: Neural evidence for activation and deactivation abnormalities","volume":"39","author":"Anticevic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.10.1785","article-title":"Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: A critical review and meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Perkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.4.340","article-title":"Duration of untreated psychosis and cognitive functioning in first-episode patients","volume":"179","author":"Norman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00995.2011","article-title":"Microstructural organizational patterns in the human corticostriatal system","volume":"107","author":"Verstynen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12010144","article-title":"Dopamine synthesis capacity in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia","volume":"169","author":"Demjaha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn162","article-title":"Working memory and DLPFC inefficiency in schizophrenia: The FBIRN study","volume":"35","author":"Potkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2414","article-title":"Deficits in prefrontal cortical and extrastriatal dopamine release in schizophrenia: A positron emission tomographic functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"72","author":"Slifstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1501672","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501672","article-title":"Dopamine D1 signaling organizes network dynamics underlying working memory","volume":"2","author":"Roffman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.194","article-title":"Relationship of resting brain hyperconnectivity and schizophrenia-like symptoms produced by the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine in humans","volume":"18","author":"Driesen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.04.067","article-title":"Banishing the homunculus: Making working memory work","volume":"139","author":"Hazy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.01.002","article-title":"Corticostriatal output gating during selection from working memory","volume":"81","author":"Chatham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.05.006","article-title":"Selective updating of working memory content modulates meso-cortico-striatal activity","volume":"57","author":"Murty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3741-9","article-title":"Dopaminergic modulation of distracter-resistance and prefrontal delay period signal","volume":"232","author":"Bloemendaal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4332","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2700-16.2017","article-title":"Working memory load strengthens reward prediction errors","volume":"37","author":"Collins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2196","article-title":"Ventral striatal activation during reward processing in psychosis: A neurofunctional meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Radua","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0056-2","article-title":"Abnormal reward prediction-error signalling in antipsychotic naive individuals with first-episode psychosis or clinical risk for psychosis","volume":"43","author":"Ermakova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90562.2008","article-title":"Development of working memory maintenance","volume":"101","author":"Geier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurophysiol"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451902219300217?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451902219300217?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,22]],"date-time":"2019-09-22T13:44:48Z","timestamp":1569159888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2451902219300217"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S2451902219300217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.01.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2451-9022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2451-9022","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}}}