{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:54:58Z","timestamp":1789473298595,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006537","name":"Vanderbilt University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007698","name":"University of Florida","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007698","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006041","name":"Innovate UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1747505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1747505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007819","name":"Allergan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012317","name":"UCLH Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012317","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM103545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM103545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008487","name":"Cure Parkinson\u2019s Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008487","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018739","name":"NeuroPace","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006483","name":"AbbVie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019113","name":"Frances C. and William P. Smallwood Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019113","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001262","name":"National Parkinson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001262","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011676","name":"Elekta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011676","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001364","name":"University of Florida Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001364","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013144","name":"Parkinson Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001477","name":"Bachmann-Strauss Dystonia and Parkinson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001477","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015659","name":"Cure Parkinson's Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004374","name":"Medtronic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020400","name":"John Black Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020400","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008497","name":"Boston Scientific Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008497","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000864","name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008771","name":"Tourette Association of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS096008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS096008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NR014852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NR014852"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T12:17:13Z","timestamp":1606220233000},"page":"961-972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Basal Ganglia Pathways Associated With Therapeutic Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation for Tourette Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6556-8957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Duffley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Foltynie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwan","family":"Hariz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludvic","family":"Zrinzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen M.","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harith","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Servello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso F.","family":"Galbiati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Bona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan-Gang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert F.G.","family":"Leentjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aysegul","family":"Gunduz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly D.","family":"Foote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Okun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2319-1263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Butson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.001","article-title":"Recent advances in Tourette syndrome research","volume":"29","author":"Albin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx204","article-title":"Tourette syndrome: A disorder of the social decision-making network","volume":"141","author":"Albin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in tourette syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Hirschtritt","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.02.003","article-title":"Treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Kious","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)05964-9","article-title":"Stereotactic treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome by high frequency stimulation of thalamus","volume":"353","author":"Vandewalle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.05.014","article-title":"Motor improvement and emotional stabilization in patients with Tourette syndrome after deep brain stimulation of the ventral anterior and ventrolateral motor part of the thalamus","volume":"79","author":"Huys","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27645","article-title":"Long-term effects of anterior pallidal deep brain stimulation for tourette\u2019s syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Welter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.4317","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome: The International Tourette Syndrome Deep Brain Stimulation Public Database and Registry","volume":"75","author":"Martinez-Ramirez","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00008-3","article-title":"Bilateral globus pallidus stimulation for severe Tourette\u2019s syndrome: A double-blind, randomised crossover trial","volume":"14","author":"Kefalopoulou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq380","article-title":"Double-blind clinical trial of thalamic stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Ackermans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib11","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Prospective randomized double-blind trial of bilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation in adults with Tourette syndrome","volume":"107","author":"Maciunas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30160-6","article-title":"Anterior pallidal deep brain stimulation for Tourette\u2019s syndrome: A randomised, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Welter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.11.005","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for Tourette-syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Baldermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(94)00007-C","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop","volume":"20","author":"Parent","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90107-L","article-title":"Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: Neural substrates of parallel processing","volume":"13","author":"Alexander","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2013.10.003","article-title":"The anteromedial GPi as a new target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"21","author":"Nair","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10050301","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: Toward limbic targets","volume":"10","author":"Servello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E558","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz285","article-title":"Tractography-guided deep brain stimulation of the anteromedial globus pallidus internus for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: Case report","volume":"86","author":"Azriel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2016.00093","article-title":"Globus pallidus interna in Tourette syndrome: Decreased local activity and disrupted functional connectivtiy","volume":"10","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00436","article-title":"GPi oscillatory activity differentiates tics from the resting state, voluntary movements, and the unmedicated Parkinsonian state","volume":"10","author":"Jimenez-Shahed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25311","article-title":"Pallidal and thalamic neural oscillatory patterns in Tourette syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Neumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00118","article-title":"Effect of deep brain stimulation on regional cerebral blood flow in patients with medically refractory tourette syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Haense","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1450","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation modulates pallidal and subthalamic neural oscillations in Tourette\u2019s syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-320379","article-title":"Image-based analysis and long-term clinical outcomes of deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome: A multisite study","volume":"90","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1159\/000478273","article-title":"Refining the deep brain stimulation target within the limbic globus pallidus internus for Tourette syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Akbarian-Tefaghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa188","article-title":"Structural connectivity predicts clinical outcomes of deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome","volume":"143","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.05.019","article-title":"Long-term outcome of globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00170","article-title":"The international deep brain stimulation registry and database for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: How does it work?","volume":"10","author":"Deeb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198907000-00015","article-title":"The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale: Initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity","volume":"28","author":"Leckman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","article-title":"The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale","volume":"46","author":"Goodman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2007.06.004","article-title":"Symmetric diffeomorphic image registration with cross-correlation: Evaluating automated labeling of elderly and neurodegenerative brain","volume":"12","author":"Avants","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.033","article-title":"Unbiased average age-appropriate atlases for pediatric studies","volume":"54","author":"Fonov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(09)70884-5","article-title":"Unbiased nonlinear average age-appropriate brain templates from birth to adulthood","volume":"47","author":"Fonov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.09.030","article-title":"Holographic reconstruction of axonal pathways in the human brain","volume":"104","author":"Petersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16734-3","article-title":"A\u00a0unified connectomic target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0R Stat Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib37","series-title":"Proceeding of the Second International Symposium on Information Theory","first-page":"267","article-title":"Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle","author":"Akaike","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib38","series-title":"Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7152(96)00128-9","article-title":"Unifying the derivations for the Akaike and corrected Akaike information criteria","volume":"33","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stat Probab Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00456","article-title":"Repeated measures correlation","volume":"8","author":"Bakdash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aae590","article-title":"Anodic stimulation misunderstood: Preferential activation of fiber orientations with anodic waveforms in deep brain stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S130","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10154","article-title":"Stereotactic imaging of the pallidal target","volume":"17","author":"Hirabayashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib43","first-page":"301","article-title":"Accuracy of deep brain stimulation electrode placement using intraoperative computed tomography without microelectrode recording","volume":"119","author":"Burchiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib44","first-page":"989","article-title":"Brain shift: An error factor during implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes","volume":"107","author":"Miyagi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.082","article-title":"Confirmation of functional zones within the human subthalamic nucleus: Patterns of connectivity and sub-parcellation using diffusion weighted imaging","volume":"60","author":"Lambert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.09.005","article-title":"The functional role of the subthalamic nucleus in cognitive and limbic circuits","volume":"76","author":"Temel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(94)00008-D","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. II. The place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidium in basal ganglia circuitry","volume":"20","author":"Parent","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-15-6","article-title":"Tics are caused by alterations in prefrontal areas, thalamus and putamen, while changes in the cingulate gyrus reflect secondary compensatory mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"M\u00fcller-Vahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq293","article-title":"Distinct structural changes underpin clinical phenotypes in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"133","author":"Worbe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl050","article-title":"Neural correlates of tic generation in Tourette syndrome: An event-related functional MRI study","volume":"129","author":"Bohlhalter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.021","article-title":"Atypical functional connectivity in Tourette syndrome differs between children and adults","volume":"87","author":"Nielsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23734","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: A case series targeting subregions of the globus pallidus internus","volume":"26","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23892","article-title":"Globus pallidus internus-deep brain stimulation in Tourette\u2019s syndrome: Can clinical symptoms predict response?","volume":"26","author":"Dehning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00362","article-title":"Imaging the where and when of tic generation and resting state networks in adult Tourette patients","volume":"8","author":"Neuner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.4.326","article-title":"A\u00a0functional magnetic resonance imaging study of tic suppression in Tourette syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Peterson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970802118356","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging of tics and tic suppression in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Kawohl","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.007","article-title":"The neural correlates of tic inhibition in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Ganos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23496","article-title":"The human subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus internus differentially encode reward during action control","volume":"38","author":"Rossi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(95)80010-6","article-title":"Chemical anatomy of primate basal ganglia","volume":"46","author":"Parent","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2003.10.003","article-title":"The primate basal ganglia: Parallel and integrative networks","volume":"26","author":"Haber","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90536-3","article-title":"The organization of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: Open interconnected rather than closed segregated","volume":"63","author":"Joel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.01.017","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized trial directly comparing ventral capsule and anteromedial subthalamic nucleus stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical and imaging evidence for dissociable effects","volume":"85","author":"Tyagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708514","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in severe obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"359","author":"Mallet","year":"2008","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8785","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2384-08.2008","article-title":"High-frequency stimulation of the anterior subthalamic nucleus reduces stereotyped behaviors in primates","volume":"28","author":"Baup","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab37b4","article-title":"Spatio-temporal structure of single neuron subthalamic activity identifies DBS target for anesthetized Tourette Syndrome patients","volume":"16","author":"Vissani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a60a0c","article-title":"Improvement of tics after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation","volume":"72","author":"Martinez-Torres","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145705005729","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette\u2019s syndrome (TS)","volume":"9","author":"Mantovani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnn.0000116253.78804.3a","article-title":"A\u00a0pilot safety study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in Tourette\u2019s syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Chae","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.07.011","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the supplementary motor area in the treatment of Tourette syndrome: Report of two cases","volume":"118","author":"Mantovani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.12.019","article-title":"Connectivity profile predictive of effective deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"85","author":"Baldermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00519","article-title":"Tractography activation patterns in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex suggest better clinical responses in OCD DBS","volume":"9","author":"Hartmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3344","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation restores frontostriatal network activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"16","author":"Figee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.11.007","article-title":"Do obsessional beliefs discriminate OCD without tic patients from OCD with tic and Tourette\u2019s syndrome patients?","volume":"44","author":"Anholt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900013791","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without tic disorder: A comparative study from India","volume":"13","author":"Jaisoorya","year":"2008","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.170.2.140","article-title":"Phenomenological differences appearing with repetitive behaviours in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome","volume":"170","author":"Miguel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(01)00219-0","article-title":"Repetitive behaviors in Tourette\u2019s syndrome and OCD with and without tics: What are the differences?","volume":"101","author":"Cath","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.09.005","article-title":"Integrating evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder: The orbitofronto-striatal model revisited","volume":"32","author":"Menzies","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182104106","article-title":"Abnormal metabolic brain networks in Tourette syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Pourfar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.01.019","article-title":"The functional connectivity profile of tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Tourette syndrome","volume":"123","author":"Bhikram","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301165","article-title":"Three-year outcomes in deep brain stimulation for highly resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"31","author":"Greenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00055","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: A long term naturalistic follow up study in a single institution","volume":"11","author":"Holland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000143331.86101.5E","article-title":"Pallidal stimulation for dystonia","volume":"55","author":"Krause","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23731","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation effects in dystonia: Time course of electrophysiological changes in early treatment","volume":"26","author":"Ruge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab7b1d","article-title":"Activation robustness with directional leads and multi-lead configurations in deep brain stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Janson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib85","first-page":"1657","article-title":"Probabilistic versus deterministic tractography for delineation of the cortico-subthalamic hyperdirect pathway in patients with Parkinson disease selected for deep brain stimulation","volume":"126","author":"Petersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.02.007","article-title":"The pallidofugal motor fiber system in primates","volume":"10","author":"Parent","year":"2004","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.081","article-title":"White matter integrity, fiber count, and other fallacies: The do\u2019s and don\u2019ts of diffusion MRI","volume":"73","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405672111","article-title":"Anatomical accuracy of brain connections derived from diffusion MRI tractography is inherently limited","volume":"111","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451902220303475?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451902220303475?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:16:27Z","timestamp":1762521387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2451902220303475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S2451902220303475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2451-9022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2451-9022","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Basal Ganglia Pathways Associated With Therapeutic Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation for Tourette Syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.11.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}