{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:38:49Z","timestamp":1788349129603,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JU-445\/9-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JU-445\/9-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB-TRR58-C07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB-TRR58-C07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009379","name":"Interdisziplin\u00e4res Zentrum f\u00fcr Klinische Forschung, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum W\u00fcrzburg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]],"date-time":"2021-08-14T19:20:06Z","timestamp":1628968806000},"page":"210-220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Modulates Perceptual and Neural Patterns of Fear Generalization"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6940-3551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kati","family":"Roesmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kroker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maimu","family":"Rehbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantin","family":"Winker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth Johanna","family":"Leehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Klucken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Jungh\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.10.001","article-title":"Fear generalization in humans: Systematic review and implications for anxiety disorder research","volume":"46","author":"Dymond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15121549","article-title":"Neural substrates of overgeneralized conditioned fear in PTSD","volume":"174","author":"Kaczkurkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2013.800124","article-title":"The spread of fear: Symbolic generalization mediates graded threat-avoidance in specific phobia","volume":"67","author":"Dymond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol (Hove)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22016","article-title":"Ventromedial prefrontal cortex reactivity is altered in generalized anxiety disorder during fear generalization","volume":"30","author":"Greenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21393","article-title":"Developmental aspects of fear: Comparing the acquisition and generalization of conditioned fear in children and adults","volume":"58","author":"Schiele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0646-8","article-title":"Individual differences in human fear generalization-Pattern identification and implications for anxiety disorders","volume":"9","author":"Stegmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nst096","article-title":"Neural substrates of classically conditioned fear-generalization in humans: A parametric fMRI study","volume":"9","author":"Lissek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09030410","article-title":"Overgeneralization of conditioned fear as a pathogenic marker of panic disorder","volume":"167","author":"Lissek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4166","article-title":"The neuronal basis of fear generalization in humans","volume":"18","author":"Onat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507062103","article-title":"Top-down facilitation of visual recognition","volume":"103","author":"Bar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.121208.131631","article-title":"Fear extinction as a model for translational neuroscience: Ten years of progress","volume":"63","author":"Milad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.03.002","article-title":"Fear extinction in the human brain: A meta-analysis of fMRI studies in healthy participants","volume":"88","author":"Fullana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.121","article-title":"Changing fear: The neurocircuitry of emotion regulation","volume":"35","author":"Hartley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116302","article-title":"Fear generalization of implicit conditioned facial features - Behavioral and magnetoencephalographic correlates","volume":"205","author":"Roesmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0840-4","article-title":"A network-based neurobiological model of PTSD: Evidence from structural and functional neuroimaging studies","volume":"19","author":"Akiki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.03.004","article-title":"Can transcranial direct current stimulation augment extinction of conditioned fear?","volume":"9","author":"Van \u2019t Wout","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655947","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.655947","article-title":"A systematic review on the effect of transcranial direct current and magnetic stimulation on fear memory and extinction","volume":"15","author":"Markovi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.03.067","article-title":"Noninvasive stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex modulates emotional face processing","volume":"175","author":"Winker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx073","article-title":"Noninvasive stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex enhances pleasant scene processing","volume":"27","author":"Junghofer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00083","article-title":"Noninvasive stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex indicates valence ambiguity in sad compared to happy and fearful face processing","volume":"13","author":"Winker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222057","article-title":"Repeated noninvasive stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex reveals cumulative amplification of pleasant compared to unpleasant scene processing: A single subject pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Winker","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib22","first-page":"221","article-title":"Behavioral and magnetoencephalographic correlates of fear generalization are associated with responses to later virtual reality exposure therapy in spider phobia","volume":"7","author":"Roesmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib23","series-title":"The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces - KDEF, CD ROM from Department of Clinical Neuroscience","first-page":"630","author":"Lundqvist","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib24","series-title":"International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS): Stimuli, Instruction Manual and Affective Ratings (Tech. Rep. No. B-2)","author":"Bradley","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/1\/016002","article-title":"Investigation of tDCS volume conduction effects in a highly realistic head model","volume":"11","author":"Wagner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.01.003","article-title":"Stimulus timing-dependent plasticity in high-level vision","volume":"22","author":"McMahon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3740523","article-title":"Statistical control of artifacts in dense array EEG\/MEG studies","volume":"37","author":"Jungh\u00f6fer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02512476","article-title":"Interpreting magnetic fields of the brain: Minimum norm estimates","volume":"32","author":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861705","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/861705","article-title":"ElectroMagnetoEncephalography software: Overview and integration with other EEG\/MEG toolboxes","volume":"2011","author":"Peyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","article-title":"Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data","volume":"164","author":"Maris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.01.023","article-title":"Behavioral and neural mechanisms of overgeneralization in anxiety","volume":"26","author":"Laufer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1401.012","article-title":"Orbital versus dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: Anatomical insights into content versus process differentiation models of the prefrontal cortex","volume":"1121","author":"Zald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6020","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3659-14.2015","article-title":"Emotion regulation and trait anxiety are predicted by the microstructure of fibers between amygdala and prefrontal cortex","volume":"35","author":"Eden","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.057","article-title":"The causal role of prefrontal hemispheric asymmetry in valence processing of words - Insights from a combined cTBS-MEG study","volume":"191","author":"Roesmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00412","article-title":"How the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex controls affective processing in absence of visual awareness - Insights from a combined EEG-rTMS study","volume":"12","author":"Keuper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9160","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0717-17.2017","article-title":"Effect of threat on right dlPFC activity during behavioral pattern separation","volume":"37","author":"Balderston","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib37","first-page":"329","article-title":"Modulating emotion perception: Opposing effects of inhibitory and excitatory prefrontal cortex stimulation","volume":"3","author":"Notzon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.10.003","article-title":"Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy","volume":"46","author":"Craske","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.04.006","article-title":"Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach","volume":"58","author":"Craske","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7059","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3427-13.2014","article-title":"Prefrontal oscillations during recall of conditioned and extinguished fear in humans","volume":"34","author":"Mueller","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.12.034","article-title":"The relationship of perceptual discrimination to neural mechanisms of fear generalization","volume":"188","author":"Tuominen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e913","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.197","article-title":"Modulation of fear extinction processes using transcranial electrical stimulation","volume":"6","author":"Abend","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.09.017","article-title":"Cost of focality in TDCS: Interindividual variability in electric fields","volume":"13","author":"Mikkonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1026\/1616-3443.37.3.190","article-title":"Die Bedeutung von unsicherheitsintoleranz f\u00fcr die Generalisierte Angstst\u00f6rung Modell\u00fcberlegungen und Entwicklung einer deutschen Version der Unsicherheitsintoleranz-Skala","volume":"37","author":"Gerlach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Z Klin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1037\/h0047358","article-title":"A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology","volume":"24","author":"Crowne","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Consult Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.1.1.35","article-title":"An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The social phobia and anxiety inventory","volume":"1","author":"Turner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000414022","article-title":"Social phobia","volume":"22","author":"Liebowitz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib49","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research","first-page":"6261","article-title":"Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory","author":"Skapinakis","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","article-title":"Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales","volume":"54","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451902221002263?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451902221002263?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1762521506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2451902221002263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2451902221002263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2451-9022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2451-9022","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Modulates Perceptual and Neural Patterns of Fear Generalization","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.08.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Published by Elsevier Inc on behalf of Society of Biological Psychiatry.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}