{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T19:56:56Z","timestamp":1790452616638,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":370,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA041174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA050987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA050987"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA050988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA050988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA050989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA050989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA051016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA051016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA051018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA051018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA051037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA051037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA051038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA051038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA051039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA051039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24DA041123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24DA041123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24DA041147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24DA041147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T18:16:09Z","timestamp":1645553769000},"page":"599-608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Classifying Conduct Disorder Using a Biopsychosocial Model and Machine Learning Method"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lena","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cortney","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Tillem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May","family":"Conley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inti A.","family":"Brazil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6773-0508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arielle","family":"Baskin-Sommers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib1","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0095-y","article-title":"Conduct disorder","volume":"5","author":"Fairchild","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12850","article-title":"The high societal costs of childhood conduct problems: Evidence from administrative records up to age 38 in a longitudinal birth cohort","volume":"59","author":"Rivenbark","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153631","article-title":"Development and etiology of disruptive and delinquent behavior","volume":"5","author":"Loeber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579420000279","article-title":"Positive and negative parenting in conduct disorder with high versus low levels of callous\u2013unemotional traits","volume":"33","author":"Pauli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.11.003","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and antisocial behaviour among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Piotrowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1337-5","article-title":"Life course persistent and adolescence limited conduct disorder in a nationally representative US sample: Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes","volume":"52","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.05.003","article-title":"Previous maltreatment and present mental health in a high-risk adolescent population [published correction appears in Child Abuse Negl 2019; 89:237","volume":"45","author":"Greger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2011.00252.x","article-title":"Neuropsychological measures of executive function and antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Ogilvie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.12.010","article-title":"ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors","volume":"82","author":"Azeredo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.6.1108","article-title":"Validity of DSM-IV conduct disorder in 4\u00bd\u20135-year-old children: A longitudinal epidemiological study","volume":"162","author":"Kim-Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371005501003","article-title":"Risk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: Key findings from longitudinal studies","volume":"55","author":"Murray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(98)00096-8","article-title":"A\u00a0meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function","volume":"20","author":"Morgan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579421000237","article-title":"Conduct disorder symptomatology is associated with an altered functional connectome in a large national youth sample","volume":"34","author":"Tillem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145668","article-title":"Functional connectivity estimated from resting-state fMRI reveals selective alterations in male adolescents with pure conduct disorder","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9953-6","article-title":"Multivoxel pattern analysis of structural MRI in children and adolescents with conduct disorder","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00186-5","article-title":"Three dimensional convolutional neural network-based classification of conduct disorder with structural MRI","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00152","article-title":"Distinguishing adolescents with conduct disorder from typically developing youngsters based on pattern classification of brain structural MRI","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-020-02215-8","article-title":"Classification of pure conduct disorder from healthy controls based on indices of brain networks during resting state","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.105941","article-title":"Automated detection of conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using decomposition and nonlinear techniques with EEG signals","volume":"200","author":"Tor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-012-0349-3","article-title":"Longitudinal prediction of disruptive behavior disorders in adolescent males from multiple risk domains","volume":"44","author":"Trentacosta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-018-0971-x","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of conduct problems and cumulative risk from early childhood to adolescence","volume":"48","author":"Gutman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-006-0082-3","article-title":"Current perspectives on conduct disorder","volume":"8","author":"Frick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045037","article-title":"Machine learning approaches for clinical psychology and psychiatry","volume":"14","author":"Dwyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib25","first-page":"791","article-title":"Machine learning with neuroimaging: Evaluating its applications in psychiatry","volume":"5","author":"Nielsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617693393","article-title":"Choosing prediction over explanation in psychology: Lessons from machine learning","volume":"12","author":"Yarkoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01117-5","article-title":"Identifying mental health status using deep neural network trained by visual metrics","volume":"10","author":"Shafiei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa8415","article-title":"Machine learning: Trends, perspectives, and prospects","volume":"349","author":"Jordan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"LeCun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.05.32","article-title":"Opening the black box of neural networks: Methods for interpreting neural network models in clinical applications","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116091","article-title":"Image processing and analysis methods for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study","volume":"202","author":"Hagler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.09.001","article-title":"The utility of twins in developmental cognitive neuroscience research: How twins strengthen the ABCD research design","volume":"32","author":"Iacono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib33","series-title":"Conduct Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence","author":"Kazdin","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200012000-00007","article-title":"Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: A review of the past 10 years, Part I","volume":"39","author":"Loeber","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.674","article-title":"Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy","volume":"100","author":"Moffitt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib36","series-title":"Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime, Version 2013 (K-SADS-PL)","author":"Kaufman","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/mono.12034","article-title":"IV. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): Measuring language (vocabulary comprehension and reading decoding)","volume":"78","author":"Gershon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Monogr Soc Res Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/mono.12038","article-title":"VIII. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): Composite scores of crystallized, fluid, and overall cognition","volume":"78","author":"Akshoomoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Monogr Soc Res Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.05.017","article-title":"Disorganized amygdala networks in conduct-disordered juvenile offenders with callous-unemotional traits","volume":"82","author":"Aghajani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22779","article-title":"Differential relations between juvenile psychopathic traits and resting state network connectivity","volume":"36","author":"Cohn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10010129","article-title":"Disrupted reinforcement signaling in the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate in youths with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder and a high level of psychopathic traits","volume":"168","author":"Finger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-015-9465-6","article-title":"Disrupted default mode network connectivity in male adolescents with conduct disorder","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.001","article-title":"The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: Imaging acquisition across 21 sites","volume":"32","author":"Casey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048789","article-title":"Abnormal anatomical connectivity between the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in conduct disorder","volume":"7","author":"Passamonti","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib45","author":"Ripley"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/425740","article-title":"Review on methods to fix number of hidden neurons in neural networks","volume":"2013","author":"Sheela","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math Probl Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1109\/72.655045","article-title":"Upper bounds on the number of hidden neurons in feedforward networks with arbitrary bounded nonlinear activation functions","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib48","unstructured":"Vujicic T, Matijevic T, Ljucovic J, Balota A, Sevarac Z (2016): Comparative analysis of methods for determining number of hidden neurons in artificial neural network. Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems. Faculty of Organization and Informatics, Vara\u017edin, Croatia, 219\u2013223."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2008.01017.x","article-title":"Adaptive weighted learning for unbalanced multicategory classification","volume":"65","author":"Qiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib50","first-page":"321","article-title":"SMOTE: synthetic minority over-sampling technique","volume":"16","author":"Chawla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Artif Intell Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2014-008","article-title":"ROSE: A package for binary imbalanced learning","volume":"6","author":"Lunardon","year":"2014","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-012-0295-5","article-title":"Training and assessing classification rules with imbalanced data","volume":"28","author":"Menardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Data Min Knowl Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.05.014","article-title":"When optimism hurts: Inflated predictions in psychiatric neuroimaging","volume":"75","author":"Whelan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1995.7.1.108","article-title":"Training with noise is equivalent to Tikhonov regularization","volume":"7","author":"Bishop","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib55","article-title":"An overview of overfitting and its solutions","volume":"1168","author":"Ying","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Phys Conf S"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.28.2.29","article-title":"High-dimensional methods and inference on structural and treatment effects","volume":"28","author":"Belloni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Econ Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2009.04.009","article-title":"Estimating classification error rate: Repeated cross-validation, repeated hold-out and bootstrap","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp Stat Data Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2004.03.013","article-title":"An accurate comparison of methods for quantifying variable importance in artificial neural networks using simulated data","volume":"178","author":"Olden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol Modell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-011-0099-y","article-title":"The relationship between parental knowledge and monitoring and child and adolescent conduct problems: A 10-year update","volume":"14","author":"Racz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9310-8","article-title":"The relationship between parenting and delinquency: A meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Hoeve","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199504000-00017","article-title":"Which boys will fare worse? Early predictors of the onset of conduct disorder in a six-year longitudinal study","volume":"34","author":"Loeber","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01724.x","article-title":"Which better predicts conduct problems? The relationship of trajectories of conduct problems with ODD and ADHD symptoms from childhood into adolescence","volume":"48","author":"Van Lier","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707002668","article-title":"The long-term longitudinal course of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in ADHD boys: Findings from a controlled 10-year prospective longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"38","author":"Biederman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-008-9278-9","article-title":"A\u00a0common genetic factor explains the covariation among ADHD ODD and CD symptoms in 9\u201310 year old boys and girls","volume":"37","author":"Tuvblad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9674-z","article-title":"Evidence for a multi-dimensional latent structural model of externalizing disorders","volume":"41","author":"Witkiewitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.359","article-title":"Patterns of heterotypic continuity associated with the cross-sectional correlational structure of prevalent mental disorders in adults","volume":"71","author":"Lahey","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00276-8","article-title":"The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior","volume":"55","author":"Blair","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.02.024","article-title":"Decision making and executive function in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder and control subjects","volume":"66","author":"Fairchild","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400004302","article-title":"The neuropsychology of conduct disorder","volume":"5","author":"Moffitt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-012-0118-7","article-title":"Impaired neurocognitive functions affect social learning processes in oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Implications for interventions","volume":"15","author":"Matthys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10081184","article-title":"Brain structure abnormalities in early-onset and adolescent-onset conduct disorder","volume":"168","author":"Fairchild","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-015-9315-8","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of neuroimaging in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) taking attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) into account","volume":"26","author":"Noordermeer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000559","article-title":"Recent neuro-imaging findings with respect to conduct disorder, callous-unemotional traits and psychopathy","volume":"33","author":"Blair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.05.017","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication\u2014Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)","volume":"49","author":"Merikangas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab071","article-title":"Population modeling with machine learning can enhance measures of mental health","volume":"10","author":"Dadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119046","article-title":"Reliability and stability challenges in ABCD task fMRI data","volume":"252","author":"Kennedy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0705-1","article-title":"ENIGMA and global neuroscience: A decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries","volume":"10","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.10.010","article-title":"Classification and treatment of antisocial individuals: From behavior to biocognition","volume":"91","author":"Brazil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teplin LA, Abram KM, McClelland GM, Mericle AA, Dulcan MK, Washburn JJ (2006): Psychiatric disorders of youth in detention. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Available at: https:\/\/ojjdp.ojp.gov\/sites\/g\/files\/xyckuh176\/files\/pubs\/246824.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2021.","DOI":"10.1037\/e511002006-001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-criminol-030620-023027","article-title":"Toward targeted interventions: Examining the science behind interventions for youth who offend","volume":"5","author":"Baskin-Sommers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Criminol"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S245190222200043X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S245190222200043X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:20:39Z","timestamp":1762521639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S245190222200043X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S245190222200043X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2451-9022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2451-9022","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Classifying Conduct Disorder Using a Biopsychosocial Model and Machine Learning Method","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.02.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}