{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T16:03:36Z","timestamp":1778947416495,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019771","name":"European Commission Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N0137941\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N0137941\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/P000630\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/P000630\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["602407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["602407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T11:48:18Z","timestamp":1672660098000},"page":"609-619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Testing the Ecophenotype Model: Cortical Structure Alterations in Conduct Disorder With Versus Without Childhood Maltreatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4739-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlene","family":"Staginnus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Cornwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Toschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maaike","family":"Oosterling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Paradysz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Areti","family":"Smaragdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Madruga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Pauli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack C.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anka","family":"Bernhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Kohls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora Maria","family":"Raschle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Konrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Freitag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephane A.","family":"De Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Fairchild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib1","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1053-4","article-title":"Conduct problems trajectories and psychosocial outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Bevilacqua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.85","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders as predictors of young adult disorders","volume":"66","author":"Copeland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.06.016","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Erskine","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12850","article-title":"The high societal costs of childhood conduct problems: Evidence from administrative records up to age 38 in a longitudinal birth cohort","volume":"59","author":"Rivenbark","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0095-y","article-title":"Conduct disorder","volume":"5","author":"Fairchild","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-015-9315-8","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of neuroimaging in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) taking attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) into account","volume":"26","author":"Noordermeer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2423","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical gray matter volume in youths with conduct problems: A meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Rogers","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu027","article-title":"Dynamic development of regional cortical thickness and surface area in early childhood","volume":"25","author":"Lyall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp026","article-title":"Distinct genetic influences on cortical surface area and cortical thickness","volume":"19","author":"Panizzon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7174","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0054-11.2011","article-title":"How does your cortex grow?","volume":"31","author":"Raznahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.04.018","article-title":"Cortical thickness, surface area, and folding alterations in male youths with conduct disorder and varying levels of callous-unemotional traits","volume":"8","author":"Fairchild","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.11.017","article-title":"Cortical thickness and folding deficits in conduct-disordered adolescents","volume":"72","author":"Hyatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001361","article-title":"Abnormalities of cortical structures in adolescent-onset conduct disorder","volume":"45","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01363-z","article-title":"Effects of BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms on brain structures and behaviors in adolescents with conduct disorder","volume":"29","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.05.015","article-title":"Sex differences in the relationship between conduct disorder and cortical structure in adolescents","volume":"56","author":"Smaragdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.12.008","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical abnormalities in youths with conduct disorder and elevated callous-unemotional traits","volume":"53","author":"Wallace","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0639-3","article-title":"Reduced cortical surface area in adolescents with conduct disorder","volume":"24","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475","article-title":"Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience [published correction appears in Nat Rev Neurosci 2013;14:451]","volume":"14","author":"Button","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01890-8","article-title":"Structural abnormalities in adolescents with conduct disorder and high versus\u00a0low callous unemotional traits","volume":"32","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559513500380","article-title":"A developmental psychopathology perspective on child maltreatment","volume":"18","author":"Toth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.12.019","article-title":"Association of trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Bernhard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2017.01.006","article-title":"Unraveling the link between maltreatment and juvenile antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of prospective longitudinal studies","volume":"33","author":"Braga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2270481","article-title":"Mechanisms in the cycle of violence","volume":"250","author":"Dodge","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.113.1.44","article-title":"Physical maltreatment victim to antisocial child: Evidence of an environmentally mediated process","volume":"113","author":"Jaffee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-009-9324-6","article-title":"The association between conduct problems and maltreatment: Testing genetic and environmental mediation","volume":"40","author":"Schulz-Heik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000115","article-title":"The theory of latent vulnerability: Reconceptualizing the link between childhood maltreatment and psychiatric disorder","volume":"27","author":"McCrory","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00052","article-title":"Neuroimaging of child abuse: A critical review","volume":"6","author":"Hart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13101427","article-title":"Gray matter abnormalities in childhood maltreatment: A voxel-wise meta-analysis","volume":"171","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.011","article-title":"Understanding heterogeneity in grey matter research of adults with childhood maltreatment-A meta-analysis and review","volume":"69","author":"Paquola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104589","article-title":"Neurostructural traces of early life adversities: A meta-analysis exploring age- and adversity-specific effects","volume":"135","author":"Pollok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12507","article-title":"Annual Research Review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect","volume":"57","author":"Teicher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000966","article-title":"Sex differences in socioemotional functioning, attentional bias, and gray matter volume in maltreated children: A multilevel investigation","volume":"27","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1523-8","article-title":"The sexually dimorphic impact of maltreatment on cortical thickness, surface area and gyrification","volume":"123","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-00987-7","article-title":"Examination of the association between exposure to childhood maltreatment and brain structure in young adults: A machine learning analysis","volume":"46","author":"Price","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002087","article-title":"Childhood trauma is associated with reduced frontal gray matter volume: A large transdiagnostic structural MRI study","volume":"53","author":"Begemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.08.005","article-title":"An examination of the relation between conduct disorder, childhood and adulthood traumatic events, and posttraumatic stress disorder in a nationally representative sample","volume":"45","author":"Afifi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.145","article-title":"Hippocampal atrophy in major depression: A function of childhood maltreatment rather than diagnosis?","volume":"39","author":"Opel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12070957","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: A case for ecophenotypic variants as clinically and neurobiologically distinct subtypes","volume":"170","author":"Teicher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401003042","article-title":"Stress and development: Behavioral and biological consequences","volume":"13","author":"Bremner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.1.149","article-title":"The evidence for a neurobiological model of childhood antisocial behavior","volume":"133","author":"van Goozen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2018.12.004","article-title":"Cortical structure abnormalities in females with conduct disorder prior to age 15","volume":"289","author":"Budhiraja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-017-0519-7","article-title":"Brain structure abnormalities in young women who presented conduct disorder in childhood\/adolescence","volume":"17","author":"Budhiraja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01697-z","article-title":"Neuroanatomical changes associated with conduct disorder in boys: Influence of childhood maltreatment","volume":"31","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1172-6","article-title":"Conduct disorder in adolescent females: Current state of research and study design of the FemNAT-CD consortium","volume":"27","author":"Freitag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579418000032","article-title":"Maternal depression in the intergenerational transmission of childhood maltreatment and its sequelae: Testing postpartum effects in a longitudinal birth cohort","volume":"31","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib48","series-title":"Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist\/4-18 and 1991 Profile","author":"Achenbach","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib49","series-title":"Psychopaths: Current International Perspectives","first-page":"131","article-title":"Psychopathic traits in non-referred youths: A new assessment tool","author":"Andershed","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191106287354","article-title":"Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Essau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00558","article-title":"Quality control of structural MRI images applied using FreeSurfer-A hands-on workflow to rate motion artifacts","volume":"10","author":"Backhausen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","article-title":"Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Dale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"FreeSurfer. Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","article-title":"Whole brain segmentation: Automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain","volume":"33","author":"Fischl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2007.903576","article-title":"A\u00a0surface-based approach to quantify local cortical gyrification","volume":"27","author":"Schaer","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.025","article-title":"Head size, age and gender adjustment in MRI studies: A necessary nuisance?","volume":"53","author":"Barnes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371005501003","article-title":"Risk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: Key findings from longitudinal studies","volume":"55","author":"Murray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00424","article-title":"Comorbidity","volume":"40","author":"Angold","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.11.003","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and antisocial behaviour among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Piotrowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.07.018","article-title":"Orbitofrontal cortex","volume":"28","author":"Rudebeck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.003","article-title":"Investigating sex differences in emotion recognition, learning, and regulation among youths with conduct disorder","volume":"59","author":"Kohls","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.02.024","article-title":"Decision making and executive function in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder and control subjects","volume":"66","author":"Fairchild","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579419000348","article-title":"Difficulties with emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking child maltreatment with the emergence of psychopathology","volume":"31","author":"Weissman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.08.052","article-title":"Reduced cortical thickness and increased surface area in antisocial personality disorder","volume":"337","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-9-102","article-title":"Left inferior frontal gyrus is critical for response inhibition","volume":"9","author":"Swick","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8301","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.8301","article-title":"Right hemispheric dominance of inhibitory control: An event-related functional MRI study","volume":"96","author":"Garavan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.08.006","article-title":"Neural correlates of emotion regulation in adolescents and emerging adults: A meta-analytic study","volume":"89","author":"Pozzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.06.022","article-title":"Diversity of the inferior frontal gyrus--A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"225","author":"Liakakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn279","article-title":"Two systems for empathy: A double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions","volume":"132","author":"Shamay-Tsoory","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20148","article-title":"Superior temporal sulcus--It\u2019s my area: Or is it?","volume":"20","author":"Hein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.04.021","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse is associated with reduced gray matter volume in visual cortex of young women","volume":"66","author":"Tomoda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib73","first-page":"1027","article-title":"The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in acute and chronic pain","volume":"18","author":"Seminowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12576","article-title":"Early severe institutional deprivation is associated with a persistent variant of adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Clinical presentation, developmental continuities and life circumstances in the English and Romanian Adoptees study","volume":"57","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-017-0032-3","article-title":"Early-life adversity and cortisol response to social stress: A meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Bunea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2639","article-title":"Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition","volume":"10","author":"Lupien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2648","article-title":"Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function","volume":"10","author":"Arnsten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.11.018","article-title":"The Stress Acceleration Hypothesis: Effects of early-life adversity on emotion circuits and behavior","volume":"7","author":"Callaghan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.20081192","article-title":"Differential patterns of delayed emotion circuit maturation in abused girls with and without internalizing psychopathology","volume":"178","author":"Keding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.10.009","article-title":"The development of gyrification in childhood and adolescence","volume":"72","author":"White","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa254","article-title":"The heritability of cortical folding: Evidence from the Human Connectome Project","volume":"31","author":"Schmitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2886","article-title":"Erroneous analyses of interactions in neuroscience: A problem of significance","volume":"14","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721416655883","article-title":"Beyond cumulative risk: A dimensional approach to childhood adversity","volume":"25","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620920725","article-title":"Rethinking concepts and categories for understanding the neurodevelopmental effects of childhood adversity","volume":"16","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2022.531","article-title":"Examining the common and specific grey matter abnormalities in childhood maltreatment and peer victimisation","volume":"8","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10040567","article-title":"Childhood trauma and children\u2019s emerging psychotic symptoms: A genetically sensitive longitudinal cohort study","volume":"168","author":"Arseneault","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04492-9","article-title":"Reproducible brain-wide association studies require thousands of individuals [published correction appears in Nature 2022;605:E11]","volume":"603","author":"Marek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451902222003470?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451902222003470?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:20:17Z","timestamp":1762521617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2451902222003470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2451902222003470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2451-9022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2451-9022","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Testing the Ecophenotype Model: Cortical Structure Alterations in Conduct Disorder With Versus Without Childhood Maltreatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.12.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}