{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:58:30Z","timestamp":1790827110822,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022NTST13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NTST13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32200873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M720487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M720487"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T23:32:18Z","timestamp":1786577538000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances and Challenges of the Delayed Brain Development Hypothesis for Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence From Behavior, the Brain, and Genes"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Leilei","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5558-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiaoyi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanpei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19663","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710329105","article-title":"Neuro-anatomic evidence for the maturational delay hypothesis of ADHD","volume":"104","author":"Rubia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199105000-00005","article-title":"Long-term outcome of hyperactive children: A review","volume":"30","author":"Klein","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00691","article-title":"Maturational delay in ADHD: Evidence from CPT","volume":"7","author":"Berger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170500471X","article-title":"The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of follow-up studies","volume":"36","author":"Faraone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2003.tb02531.x","article-title":"\u2018Maturational lag\u2019 hypothesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An update","volume":"92","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.07.038","article-title":"Mapping attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder from childhood to adolescence\u2014No neurophysiologic evidence for a developmental lag of attention but some for inhibition","volume":"67","author":"Doehnert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707741104","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation","volume":"104","author":"Shaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.01.031","article-title":"Development of cortical surface area and gyrification in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"72","author":"Shaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.05.003","article-title":"Mapping the development of the basal ganglia in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"53","author":"Shaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.103","article-title":"Development of cortical asymmetry in typically developing children and its disruption in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"66","author":"Shaw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000334275.57734.5f","article-title":"Age-related changes in motor subtle signs among girls and boys with ADHD","volume":"71","author":"Cole","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2003.97.3f.1315","article-title":"Overflow movements predict impaired response inhibition in children with ADHD","volume":"97","author":"Mostofsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2018.1466888","article-title":"Developmental trajectory of motor deficits in preschool children with ADHD","volume":"43","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2011_138","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental abnormalities in ADHD","volume":"9","author":"Vaidya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2020.1847265","article-title":"Developmental trajectory of subtle motor signs in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A longitudinal study from childhood to adolescence","volume":"27","author":"Crasta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2010.486321","article-title":"Mental disorders in five-year-old children with or without developmental delay: Focus on ADHD","volume":"39","author":"Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.10.014","article-title":"Is the impairment in temporal allocation of visual attention in children with ADHD related to a developmental delay or a structural cognitive deficit?","volume":"36C","author":"Donnadieu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00189","article-title":"Low- and high-level controlled processing in executive motor control tasks in 5\u20136-year-old children at risk of ADHD","volume":"44","author":"Kalff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715575066","article-title":"Age-related changes in distractibility: Developmental trajectory of sustained attention in ADHD","volume":"22","author":"Slobodin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00337.x","article-title":"Larger deficits in brain networks for response inhibition than for visual selective attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"46","author":"Booth","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00204","article-title":"Exploring selective attention in ADHD: Visual search through space and time","volume":"44","author":"Mason","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(97)01094-2","article-title":"The attentional blink","volume":"1","author":"Shapiro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.113.2.228","article-title":"A psychophysical measure of attention deficit in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01428.x","article-title":"Insights into the control of attentional set in ADHD using the attentional blink paradigm","volume":"46","author":"Mason","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.21165","article-title":"Brain networks involved in early versus late response anticipation and their relation to conflict processing","volume":"21","author":"L\u00fctcke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00337-9","article-title":"A right hemispheric frontocerebellar network for time discrimination of several hundreds of milliseconds","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00730.x","article-title":"Go or no-go? Developmental improvements in the efficiency of response inhibition in mid-childhood","volume":"11","author":"Cragg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.3.363","article-title":"Development of selective attention: Perceptual load influences early versus late attentional selection in children and adults","volume":"38","author":"Huang-Pollock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00145","article-title":"A new stroop-like measure of inhibitory function development: Typical developmental trends","volume":"44","author":"Wright","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib28","article-title":"Cognitive performance in early-onset schizophrenia and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A 25-year follow-up study","volume":"11","author":"\u00d8ie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718001599","article-title":"Developmental changes of neuropsychological functioning in individuals with and without childhood ADHD from early adolescence to young adulthood: A 7-year follow-up study","volume":"49","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(92)90049-5","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of EEG in boys with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Controlled study with clinical implications","volume":"8","author":"Mann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00576-5","article-title":"Quantitative electroencephalographic profiles of children with attention deficit disorder","volume":"40","author":"Chabot","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200207000-00013","article-title":"Altered cortical activity in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder during attentional load task","volume":"41","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90257-E","article-title":"A cross-national EEG study of children with emotional and behavioral problems: A WHO collaborative study in the western Pacific Region","volume":"34","author":"Matsuura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00301253","article-title":"Neurophysiological methods testing the psychoneural basis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"12","author":"Ucl\u00e9s","year":"1996","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib35","first-page":"973","article-title":"A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of age effects of electrophysiological measures in hyperactive and normal children","volume":"19","author":"Satterfield","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.09.008","article-title":"Sleep EEG changes during adolescence: An index of a fundamental brain reorganization","volume":"72","author":"Feinberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.6.801","article-title":"Developmental changes in the human sleep EEG during early adolescence","volume":"33","author":"Tarokh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac163","article-title":"Sleep electroencephalogram evidence of delayed brain maturation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A longitudinal study","volume":"45","author":"Darchia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.01.052","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of NREM sleep EEG in typically developing and medication-free ADHD adolescents: First year results","volume":"80","author":"Darchia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00073-X","article-title":"Event-related potentials and performance of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Children and normal controls in auditory and visual selective attention tasks","volume":"41","author":"Jonkman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949102400301","article-title":"Cognitive event-related potentials in attention deficit disorder","volume":"24","author":"Klorman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(01)00135-0","article-title":"Topographic distribution and developmental timecourse of auditory event-related potentials in two subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"42","author":"Johnstone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3530227","article-title":"Cerebral event-related potentials associated with selective attention to color: Developmental changes from childhood to adulthood","volume":"35","author":"van der Stelt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30049-4","article-title":"Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: A cross-sectional mega-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Hoogman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.11.024","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of the corpus callosum in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"69","author":"Gilliam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.4.647","article-title":"Cerebellar development and clinical outcome in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"164","author":"Mackie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12920","article-title":"A multicohort, longitudinal study of cerebellar development in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"59","author":"Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02173-1","article-title":"White matter alterations in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review of 129 diffusion imaging studies with meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Parlatini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.09.021","article-title":"A mega-analytic study of white matter microstructural differences across 5 cohorts of youths with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"94","author":"Sudre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib52","article-title":"Developmental differences in white matter microarchitecture in youth with ADHD: Longitudinal findings from the ABCD study","author":"Overholtzer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110044","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in subcortical maturation","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00300","article-title":"Disrupted resting frontal-parietal attention network topology is associated with a clinical measure in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109796","article-title":"Altered resting functional network topology assessed using graph theory in youth with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14259","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1407787111","article-title":"Lag in maturation of the brain\u2019s intrinsic functional architecture in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"111","author":"Sripada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10089","article-title":"Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"81","author":"Rahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59921-4","article-title":"Maturational delay and asymmetric information flow of brain connectivity in SHR model of ADHD revealed by topological analysis of metabolic networks","volume":"10","author":"Ha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0469","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on the developmental course of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms from childhood to adolescence","volume":"72","author":"Pingault","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.2817","article-title":"Association of genetic risk variants with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder trajectories in the general population","volume":"73","author":"Riglin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-009-0694-x","article-title":"Candidate gene studies of ADHD: A meta-analytic review","volume":"126","author":"Gizer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01285-8","article-title":"Genome-wide analyses of ADHD identify 27 risk loci, refine the genetic architecture and implicate several cognitive domains","volume":"55","author":"Demontis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.12.033","article-title":"Polygenic risk and the course of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder from childhood to young adulthood: Findings from a nationally representative cohort","volume":"60","author":"Agnew-Blais","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.85","article-title":"Epigenetic profiling of ADHD symptoms trajectories: A prospective, methylome-wide study","volume":"22","author":"Walton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04513","article-title":"Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents","volume":"440","author":"Shaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.200","article-title":"The neurodevelopmental nature of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults","volume":"218","author":"Breda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1019546","article-title":"Preliminary evidence for a lower brain age in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"13","author":"Kurth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.02.041","article-title":"Hydra: Revealing heterogeneity of imaging and genetic patterns through a multiple max-margin discriminative analysis framework","volume":"145","author":"Varol","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05892-0","article-title":"Uncovering the heterogeneity and temporal complexity of neurodegenerative diseases with Subtype and Stage Inference","volume":"9","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2024.104732","article-title":"Clinical outcome-guided deep temporal clustering for disease progression subtyping","volume":"158","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115453","article-title":"Two neurosubtypes of ADHD different from the clinical phenotypes","volume":"328","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2217\/npy.13.59","article-title":"Changes in the definition of ADHD in DSM-5: Subtle but important","volume":"3","author":"Epstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-03073-w","article-title":"Beyond the usual suspects: Multi-factorial computational models in the search for neurodegenerative disease mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2024.108655","article-title":"Disease progression modeling with temporal realignment: An emerging approach to deepen knowledge on chronic diseases","volume":"259","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451902226002326?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451902226002326?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:31:30Z","timestamp":1790825490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2451902226002326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["S2451902226002326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2451-9022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2451-9022","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Advances and Challenges of the Delayed Brain Development Hypothesis for Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence From Behavior, the Brain, and Genes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2026.07.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}