{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:29:11Z","timestamp":1780676951500,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002918","name":"Gentofte Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002918","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008269","name":"L\u00e6ge Sofus Carl Emil Friis og Hustru Olga Doris Friis' Legat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T23:33:42Z","timestamp":1753745622000},"page":"100575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Immunologic Underpinnings of Post-Stroke Depression"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4650-8331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina Vindegaard","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Hougaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kruuse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Eriksen","family":"Benros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00530","article-title":"Early post-stroke depression and mortality: Meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"9","author":"Bartoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12357","article-title":"Part I: frequency of depression after stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"9","author":"Hackett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Stroke Off J Int Stroke Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI135530","article-title":"Immune responses to stroke: Mechanisms, modulation, and therapeutic potential","volume":"130","author":"Iadecola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.06.002","article-title":"The bidirectional relationship of depression and inflammation: Double trouble","volume":"107","author":"Beurel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2022_369","article-title":"The immune system and depression: From epidemiological to clinical evidence","volume":"61","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01905-z","article-title":"Immune cell composition in unipolar depression: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bd. Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01919-7","article-title":"Peripheral blood cellular immunophenotype in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Foley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202216269","article-title":"Systemic inflammation after stroke: Implications for post-stroke comorbidities","volume":"14","author":"Simats","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5911408","article-title":"Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio in poststroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Sarejloo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12698","article-title":"Peripheral cytokine and chemokine alterations in depression: A meta-analysis of 82 studies","volume":"135","author":"Kohler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.3","article-title":"A meta-analysis of blood cytokine network alterations in psychiatric patients: Comparisons between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression","volume":"21","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.02.010","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in depression: A meta-analysis of mean differences and variability in 5,166 patients and 5,083 controls","volume":"87","author":"Osimo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.06.001","article-title":"Cumulative meta-analysis of interleukins 6 and 1\u03b2, tumour necrosis factor \u03b1 and C-reactive protein in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"49","author":"Haapakoski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.06.004","article-title":"CRP, IL-6 and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"150","author":"Valkanova","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00867-4","article-title":"The longitudinal associations of inflammatory biomarkers and depression revisited: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"26","author":"Mac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.5152\/alphapsychiatry.2024.231338","article-title":"Increased C-reactive protein in patients with post-stroke depression: A meta-analysis of cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alpha Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.08.018","article-title":"Higher levels of C-reactive protein in the acute phase of stroke indicate an increased risk for post-stroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"134","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.102338","article-title":"Association between baseline high-sensitive C-reactive protein, homocysteine levels, and post-stroke depression among stroke patients: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"49","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4315","article-title":"The relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein at admission and post stroke depression: A 6-month follow-up study","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0549-8","article-title":"Combination of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and homocysteine predicts the post-stroke depression in patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"55","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2020.1755813","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with the development of post-stroke depression in the acute stage of stroke: A meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x2021e11517","article-title":"Correlation of common inflammatory cytokines with cognition impairment, anxiety, and depression in acute ischemic stroke patients","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.08.002","article-title":"Machine learning models of plasma proteomic data predict mood in chronic stroke and tie it to aberrant peripheral immune responses","volume":"114","author":"Bidoki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03805-6","article-title":"Blood biomarkers of post-stroke depression after minor stroke at three months in males and females","volume":"22","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib25","article-title":"Decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in poststroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156477","article-title":"The regulatory role of BDNF in neuroimmune axis function and neuroinflammation induced by chronic stress: A new therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"174","author":"Dadkhah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_53_22","article-title":"Perspectives on effect of spleen in ischemic stroke","volume":"8","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Circ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232497","article-title":"Post-stroke infections associated with spleen volume reduction: A pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Nous","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.02.008","article-title":"Brain-spleen axis in health and diseases: A review and future perspective","volume":"182","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1669","article-title":"Structure and function of the spleen","volume":"5","author":"Mebius","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2006","article-title":"Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain","volume":"87","author":"McEwen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11101298","article-title":"HPA axis in the pathomechanism of depression and schizophrenia: New therapeutic strategies based on its participation","volume":"11","author":"Mikulska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0501-6","article-title":"Persistent depressive symptoms, HPA-axis hyperactivity, and inflammation: The role of cognitive-affective and somatic symptoms","volume":"25","author":"Iob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.04.001","article-title":"Salivary cortisol in depressed patients versus control persons: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Knorr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14720","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and depression: A review","volume":"53","author":"Troubat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib36","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system are related to the prognosis of stroke","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074839","article-title":"Stress mediators and immune dysfunction in patients with acute cerebrovascular diseases","volume":"8","author":"Liesz","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10597-4","article-title":"The advances of post-stroke depression: 2021 update","volume":"269","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6290","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44120429","article-title":"Development of post-stroke cognitive and depressive disturbances: Associations with neurohumoral indices","volume":"44","author":"Zhanina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600266","article-title":"The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease","volume":"375","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104527","article-title":"Gut microbiota and its metabolites in depression: From pathogenesis to treatment","volume":"90","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBiomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-022-01179-6","article-title":"Recent advances in the impact of infection and inflammation on stroke risk and outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2573","article-title":"Perturbations in gut microbiota composition in psychiatric disorders: A review and meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Nikolova","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.0685","article-title":"Interplay of metabolome and gut microbiome in individuals with major depressive disorder vs control individuals","volume":"80","author":"Amin","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34502-3","article-title":"Gut microbiome-wide association study of depressive symptoms","volume":"13","author":"Radjabzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12605","article-title":"Association between gut microbiota and post-stroke depression in Chinese population: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02099-8","article-title":"Post-stroke depression: Epigenetic and epitranscriptomic modifications and their interplay with gut microbiota","volume":"28","author":"Jeong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030429","article-title":"Infection as a stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke","volume":"51","author":"Elkind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-110","article-title":"Post-stroke infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Westendorp","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000258346.68966.9d","article-title":"Infection after acute ischemic stroke: A manifestation of brain-induced immunodepression","volume":"38","author":"Chamorro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.1111","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for mood disorders: A nationwide study","volume":"70","author":"Benros","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106458","article-title":"Alteration of gut microbiota in post-stroke depression patients with Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"193","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1824","article-title":"Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930231166306","article-title":"The evolution of blood-brain barrier permeability changes after stroke and its implications on clinical outcome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Bernardo-Castro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.036946","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, stroke, Blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and imaging modalities","volume":"53","author":"Candelario-Jalil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13081","article-title":"The peripheral immune response after stroke-A double edge sword for blood-brain barrier integrity","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.04.002","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid from 106 patients with recent-onset depression compared with 106 individually matched healthy control subjects","volume":"92","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.11.008","article-title":"Glial pathology is modified by age in mood disorders\u2014A systematic meta-analysis of serum S100B in vivo studies","volume":"134","author":"Schroeter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035457","article-title":"The association between circulating Hcy and Lp-PLA2 levels and poststroke depression: A meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-0376","article-title":"Serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 is associated with depression after acute ischemic stroke","volume":"83","author":"Che","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00056","article-title":"Implications of MMP9 for blood brain barrier disruption and hemorrhagic transformation following ischemic stroke","volume":"10","author":"Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6259","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126259","article-title":"Homocysteine and age-related central nervous system diseases: Role of inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Tawfik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.09.002","article-title":"Assessment of blood-brain barrier disruption using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Heye","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24189","article-title":"Seroprevalence of autoantibodies against brain antigens in health and disease","volume":"76","author":"Dahm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.3252","article-title":"Evidence of intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis in stroke: A cohort study","volume":"69","author":"Pr\u00fcss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.05.011","article-title":"Autoantibodies against the NMDAR subunit NR1 are associated with neuropsychiatric outcome after ischemic stroke","volume":"96","author":"Deutsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.024157","article-title":"Inflammation, autoimmunity, infection, and stroke: Epidemiology and lessons from therapeutic intervention","volume":"51","author":"Parikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.07.013","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies predict post-stroke depression after acute ischemic stroke","volume":"257","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.792843","article-title":"Thyroid function affects the risk of post-stroke depression in patients with acute lacunar stroke","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-021-00887-4","article-title":"Immune cell infiltration into the brain after ischemic stroke in humans compared to mice and rats: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Beuker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.06.015","article-title":"Markers of central inflammation in major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining cerebrospinal fluid, positron emission tomography and post-mortem brain tissue","volume":"81","author":"Enache","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.0645","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in patients with unipolar depression compared with healthy control individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Mousten","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02757-2","article-title":"Comparisons of 25 cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in a case\u2013control study of 106 patients with recent-onset depression and 106 individually matched healthy subjects","volume":"20","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib76","first-page":"1241","article-title":"Diagnostic values of miR-221-3p in serum and cerebrospinal fluid for post-stroke depression and analysis of risk factors","volume":"50","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03087","article-title":"miR-221-3p drives the shift of M2-macrophages to a pro-inflammatory function by suppressing JAK3\/STAT3 activation","volume":"10","author":"Quero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E351","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v31i6.4921","article-title":"Reduction of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma serotonin in patients with post-stroke depression: A preliminary report","volume":"31","author":"qiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Investig Med Med Clin Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2009.01936.x","article-title":"Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid substance P in post-stroke patients with depression","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0414-4","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway: A finger in every pie","volume":"25","author":"Savitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133161","article-title":"Recent developments in TSPO PET imaging as A biomarker of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"20","author":"Werry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2019.12.004","article-title":"Is there neuroinflammation in depression? Understanding the link between the brain and the peripheral immune system in depression","volume":"152","author":"Nettis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-05166-2","article-title":"Cellular sources of TSPO expression in healthy and diseased brain","volume":"49","author":"Nutma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib84","article-title":"A pilot [(11)C]PBR28 PET\/MRI study of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in chronic stroke patients","volume":"17","author":"Schaechter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.60","article-title":"Structural neuroimaging studies in major depressive disorder. Meta-analysis and comparison with bipolar disorder","volume":"68","author":"Kempton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.044985","article-title":"Priorities for advancements in neuroimaging in the diagnostic workup of acute stroke","volume":"54","author":"Samaniego","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081674","article-title":"Understanding why post-stroke depression may be the norm rather than the exception: The anatomical and neuroinflammatory correlates of post-stroke depression","volume":"10","author":"Wijeratne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52721-5","article-title":"Depression and apathy after transient ischemic attack or minor stroke: Prevalence, evolution and predictors","volume":"9","author":"Carnes-Vendrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib89","first-page":"387","article-title":"Strategic infarct locations for poststroke depressive symptoms: A lesion- and disconnection-symptom mapping study","volume":"8","author":"Weaver","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-017-9356-2","article-title":"Imaging markers of post-stroke depression and apathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Douven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1100\/2011\/157150","article-title":"The limbic system conception and its historical evolution","volume":"11","author":"Roxo","year":"2011","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2024.101146","article-title":"The emerging role of rapid corticosteroid actions on excitatory and inhibitory synaptic signaling in the brain","volume":"74","author":"Jo\u00ebls","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7534-1","article-title":"Post-stroke depression and lesion location: A systematic review","volume":"262","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01743-1","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Loh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.35","article-title":"Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment","volume":"24","author":"Adams","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib96","article-title":"The role of Hs-CRP, D-dimer and fibrinogen in differentiating etiological subtypes of ischemic stroke","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CR467","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.881931","article-title":"Association of clinical and aetiologic subtype of acute ischaemic stroke with inflammation, oxidative stress and vascular function: A cross-sectional observational study","volume":"17","author":"Beer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11111178","article-title":"Factors affecting post-stroke depression in acute ischemic stroke patients after 3 months","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1161\/str.36.4.902","article-title":"Editorial comment\u2014Time to burn the TOAST","volume":"36","author":"Landau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.169","article-title":"Genetic contributions of inflammation to depression","volume":"42","author":"Barnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000143788.87054.85","article-title":"Immunogenetic susceptibility of atherosclerotic stroke: Implications on current and future treatment of vascular inflammation","volume":"35","author":"DeGraba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.03.003","article-title":"Shared genetic risk factors for depression and stroke","volume":"93","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib103","article-title":"The potential risk factors of early-onset post-stroke depression from immuno-inflammatory perspective","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib104","article-title":"The role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 in early-onset post-stroke depression","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156206","article-title":"IDO\/Kynurenine; novel insight for treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"166","author":"Lashgari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.194748","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms increase the risk of post-stroke depression","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0228-7","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: Pathobiology and targeting strategies","volume":"15","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.588247","article-title":"Associations of cytokine gene polymorphisms with post-stroke depression","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib109","article-title":"Exploring the bi-directional relationship and shared genes between depression and stroke via NHANES and bioinformatic analysis","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1602\/neurorx.2.3.396","article-title":"Rodent models of focal stroke: Size, mechanism, and purpose","volume":"2","author":"Carmichael","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroRx"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.02.002","article-title":"Preclinical animal models of mental illnesses to translate findings from the bench to the bedside: Molecular brain mechanisms and peripheral biomarkers associated to early life stress or immune challenges","volume":"58","author":"Cattane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286418789854","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory treatments for stroke: From bench to bedside","volume":"11","author":"Drieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hest.2020.02.004","article-title":"Behavioral assessment of post-stroke depression and anxiety in rodents","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Hemorrhages"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib114","first-page":"1110","article-title":"Advancing post-stroke depression research: Insights from murine models and behavioral analyses","volume":"14","author":"Mu\u015fat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12166","article-title":"Preclinical animal studies in ischemic stroke: Challenges and some solutions","volume":"4","author":"Narayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Models Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12394","article-title":"Do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) promote stroke recovery within the first year after stroke?\u2014A Cochrane review summary with commentary","volume":"12","author":"Platz","year":"2020","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5912","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10245912","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the prevention of post-stroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Richter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib118","first-page":"CD009286","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for stroke recovery","volume":"11","author":"Legg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12485","article-title":"TALOS: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test the effects of citalopram in patients with acute stroke","volume":"10","author":"Kraglund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15030363","article-title":"Post-stroke depression: A review","volume":"173","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-023-01573-1","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of fluoxetine versus placebo for stroke recovery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05560-w","article-title":"Efficacy of escitalopram for poststroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.011","article-title":"Post-stroke depression: A 2020 updated review","volume":"66","author":"Medeiros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","article-title":"Depression","volume":"392","author":"Malhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib125","article-title":"Pathophysiology and current drug treatments for post-stroke depression: A review","volume":"23","author":"Frank","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-246003","article-title":"What are the effects of pharmacological, non-invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, in the treatment of post-stroke depression? A Cochrane Review summary with commentary","volume":"54","author":"Sen","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666151208113700","article-title":"Inflammation in depression and the potential for anti-inflammatory treatment","volume":"14","author":"Kohler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13016","article-title":"Efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatment on major depressive disorder or depressive symptoms: Meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"139","author":"K\u00f6hler-Forsberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib129","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and anti-inflammatory therapy for ischemic stroke","volume":"9","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01121-1","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of arketamine: Beyond the NMDA receptor","volume":"27","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.10.002","article-title":"Colchicine\u2014New horizons for an ancient drug. Review based on the highest hierarchy of evidence","volume":"96","author":"Schattner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00968-1","article-title":"Long-term colchicine for the prevention of vascular recurrent events in non-cardioembolic stroke (CONVINCE): A randomised controlled trial","volume":"404","author":"Kelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib133","first-page":"320","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory treatment and risk for depression after first-time stroke in a cohort of 147 487 Danish patients","volume":"42","author":"Wium-Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib134","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"A rating scale for depression","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382","article-title":"A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change","volume":"134","author":"Montgomery","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2006.10.002","article-title":"Checklist for cognitive and emotional consequences following stroke (CLCE-24): Development, usability and quality of the self-report version","volume":"109","author":"van Heugten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106222","article-title":"The reliability and validity of post stroke depression scale in different type of post stroke depression patients","volume":"31","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.012","article-title":"Causes and consequences of diagnostic heterogeneity in depression: Paths to discovering novel biological depression subtypes","volume":"88","author":"Lynch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.07.015","article-title":"Meta-review of depressive subtyping models","volume":"139","author":"Harald","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.014","article-title":"Depression heterogeneity and its biological underpinnings: Toward Immunometabolic depression","volume":"88","author":"Milaneschi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000132","article-title":"Poststroke fatigue: Emerging evidence and approaches to management: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association","volume":"48","author":"Hinkle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.12.020","article-title":"Fatigue and cognitive impairment in post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Ceban","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib146","first-page":"234","article-title":"Prospective study of the natural history of infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus","volume":"14","author":"Rea","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.040529","article-title":"C-reactive protein, Interleukin-6, and vascular recurrence after stroke: An individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"McCabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667174325001296?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667174325001296?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T21:54:47Z","timestamp":1772920487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2667174325001296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S2667174325001296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-1743"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-1743","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Immunologic Underpinnings of Post-Stroke Depression","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100575","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier Inc on behalf of the Society of Biological Psychiatry.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100575"}}