{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:19:51Z","timestamp":1788383991149,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T07:02:57Z","timestamp":1784876577000},"page":"100795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changing Patterns of Recent Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood and Their Associations With Cognitive Functions and Mental Health"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3826-723X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Eggenberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Janousch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Johnson-Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0979-931X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus R.","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina M.","family":"Binz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1668-8319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Ribeaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Eisner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilly","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7933-2865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris B.","family":"Quednow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib1","series-title":"Emerging Adulthood","article-title":"Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties","author":"Arnett","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8174","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402680101","article-title":"Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood","volume":"101","author":"Gogtay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.07.008","article-title":"Adolescence as a sensitive period of brain development","volume":"19","author":"Fuhrmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.12.010","article-title":"The dual systems model: Review, reappraisal, and reaffirmation","volume":"17","author":"Shulman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.002","article-title":"A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking","volume":"28","author":"Steinberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260503500202","article-title":"The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood","volume":"35","author":"Arnett","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2020.1759642","article-title":"Peer pressure and substance use in emerging adulthood: A latent profile analysis","volume":"55","author":"Keyzers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61530-5","article-title":"Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"382","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1159\/000520178","article-title":"High prevalence and early onsets: Legal and illegal substance use in an urban cohort of young adults in Switzerland","volume":"28","author":"Quednow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.05.013","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of substance use from early adolescence to young adulthood: Gender and racial\/ethnic differences","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105200","article-title":"The impact of childhood trauma on substance use trajectories from adolescence to adulthood: Findings from a longitudinal Hispanic cohort study","volume":"120","author":"Rogers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2016.77.924","article-title":"Substance use trajectories from early adolescence through the transition to college","volume":"77","author":"Derefinko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260503500205","article-title":"Substance use trajectories from early adolescence to emerging adulthood: A comparison of smoking, binge drinking, and marijuana use","volume":"35","author":"Tucker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00643.x","article-title":"Conjoint developmental trajectories of young adult substance use","volume":"32","author":"Jackson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.10.010","article-title":"Heterogeneity of alcohol, tobacco, and other substance use behaviors in U.S. college students: A latent class analysis","volume":"53","author":"Evans-Polce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390319858658","article-title":"Substance use patterns among adolescents: A latent class analysis","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Psychiatr Nurs Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.797473","article-title":"Polysubstance use in early adulthood: Patterns and developmental precursors in an urban cohort","volume":"15","author":"Steinhoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30299-8","article-title":"Trajectories of prescription drug misuse during the transition from late adolescence into adulthood in the USA: A national longitudinal multicohort study","volume":"6","author":"McCabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16290","article-title":"Why do we focus on the exception and not the rule? Examining the prevalence of mono- versus polysubstance use in the general population","volume":"118","author":"Bailey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.11.011","article-title":"When substance use is underreported: Comparing self-reports and hair toxicology in an urban cohort of young adults","volume":"62","author":"Steinhoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib22","first-page":"60","article-title":"Words versus strands: Reliability and stability of concordance rates of self-reported and hair-analyzed substance use of young adults over time","volume":"31","author":"Janousch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib23","first-page":"5480","article-title":"Hair analysis in forensic toxicology: An updated review with a special focus on pitfalls","volume":"23","author":"Kintz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.02.019","article-title":"State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse","volume":"370","author":"Pragst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/155005940904000110","article-title":"The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development","volume":"40","author":"Squeglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.1258","article-title":"Association of cannabis use during adolescence with neurodevelopment","volume":"78","author":"Albaugh","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00104-8","article-title":"Neurobiology of addiction: A neurocircuitry analysis","volume":"3","author":"Koob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000326","article-title":"Cognitive outcomes associated with long-term, regular, recreational cannabis use in adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Lovell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.10.014","article-title":"Neurocognitive consequences of chronic cannabis use: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.118091","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunctions in recreational and dependent cocaine users: Role of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, craving and early age at onset","volume":"203","author":"Vonmoos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0601-2","article-title":"MDMA use and neurocognition: A meta-analytic review","volume":"189","author":"Kalechstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.08.425","article-title":"Discrete memory impairments in largely pure chronic users of MDMA","volume":"27","author":"Wunderli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106061200","article-title":"Memory deficits in abstinent MDMA (ecstasy) users: Neuropsychological evidence of frontal dysfunction","volume":"20","author":"Quednow","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5060-z","article-title":"Cognitive and socio-cognitive functioning of chronic non-medical prescription opioid users","volume":"235","author":"Kroll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0572-3","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of ketamine upon human memory: A review","volume":"188","author":"Morgan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.05.050","article-title":"The profile of cognitive impairments in chronic ketamine users","volume":"266","author":"Ke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib37","first-page":"375","article-title":"Cognitive deterioration from long-term abuse of dextromethorphan: A case report","volume":"19","author":"Hinsberger","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2026.10156","article-title":"Something is not nothing: Hair-tested substance use and cognitive functions in a large community sample of young adults","volume":"69","author":"Eggenberger","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.045","article-title":"Cannabis use, depression and anxiety: A 3-year prospective population-based study","volume":"193","author":"Danielsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500","article-title":"Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Gobbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.01.015","article-title":"Cannabis use and internalizing\/externalizing symptoms in youth: A Canadian population-based study","volume":"67","author":"Girgis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.001","article-title":"Association between cannabis and psychosis: Epidemiologic evidence","volume":"79","author":"Gage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw003","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis","volume":"42","author":"Marconi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1035","article-title":"Association of high-potency cannabis use with mental health and substance use in adolescence","volume":"77","author":"Hines","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.154","article-title":"Neural correlates of affect processing and aggression in methamphetamine dependence","volume":"68","author":"Payer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2024.04.010","article-title":"Chemical cousins with contrasting behavioural profiles: MDMA users and methamphetamine users differ in social-cognitive functions and aggression","volume":"83","author":"Zacher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.032","article-title":"Differences in self-reported and behavioral measures of impulsivity in recreational and dependent cocaine users","volume":"133","author":"Vonmoos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.11.017","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms and expression of glucocorticoid receptor gene in cocaine users: A longitudinal study","volume":"121","author":"Kluwe-Schiavon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.22010076","article-title":"Transition from substance-induced psychosis to schizophrenia spectrum disorder or bipolar disorder","volume":"180","author":"Rognli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00190-4","article-title":"Mental disorders in ecstasy users: A prospective-longitudinal investigation","volume":"68","author":"Lieb","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02761.x","article-title":"Consequences of chronic ketamine self-administration upon neurocognitive function and psychological wellbeing: A 1-year longitudinal study","volume":"105","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112881","article-title":"Three-day blues after ecstasy\/MDMA use: Evidence from a longitudinal and daily analysis in the European nightlife scene","volume":"276","author":"Blankers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad019","article-title":"Comparison of sex differences in cognitive function in older adults between high- and middle-income countries and the role of education: A population-based multicohort study","volume":"52","author":"Bloomberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.04.032","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in labor migrants and refugees\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Lindert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0256-4","article-title":"Elevated impulsivity and impaired decision-making cognition in heavy users of MDMA (\u201cEcstasy\u201d)","volume":"189","author":"Quednow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013","article-title":"The prevalence of mental health and pain symptoms in general population samples reporting nonmedical use of prescription opioids: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Fischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-022-01622-7","article-title":"Examining the impact of socioeconomic status, demographic characteristics, lifestyle and other risk factors on adults\u2019 cognitive functioning in developing countries: An analysis of five selected WHO SAGE Wave 1 Countries","volume":"21","author":"Larnyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2018.10.007","article-title":"Normative data from linear and nonlinear quantile regression in CANTAB: Cognition in mid-to-late life in an epidemiological sample","volume":"11","author":"Abbott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20492","article-title":"Income inequality and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association and a scoping review of mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib60","first-page":"S14","article-title":"Association between tobacco smoking and cognitive functioning in young adults","volume":"21","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2012.04.005","article-title":"Cognitive functions in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients","volume":"46","author":"Kopera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw140","article-title":"The association of cigarette smoking with depression and anxiety: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Fluharty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib63","article-title":"Long-term effects of alcohol consumption on anxiety in adults: A systematic review","volume":"155","author":"D\u2019Aquino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000130","article-title":"Meta-analysis of action video game impact on perceptual, attentional, and cognitive skills","volume":"144","author":"Bediou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s40865-022-00195-x","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The Zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood (z-proso)","volume":"8","author":"Ribeaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dev Life Course Criminol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00911232","article-title":"Disruptive boys with stable and unstable high fighting behavior patterns during junior elementary school","volume":"19","author":"Tremblay","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191117721741","article-title":"Evaluating longitudinal invariance in dimensions of mental health across adolescence: An analysis of the social behavior questionnaire","volume":"26","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa131","article-title":"A comprehensive multi-analyte method for hair analysis: Substance-specific quantification ranges and tool for task-oriented data evaluation","volume":"45","author":"Scholz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4583","DOI":"10.1039\/D2AY01325H","article-title":"Single sample preparation for the simultaneous extraction of drugs, pharmaceuticals, cannabinoids and endogenous steroids in hair","volume":"14","author":"Scholz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12412","article-title":"Comparison of cannabinoids in hair with self-reported cannabis consumption in heavy, light and non-cannabis users","volume":"36","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0306-5251.2001.01502.x","article-title":"Opioid analgesic prescribing and use\u2014An audit of analgesic prescribing by general practitioners and the Multidisciplinary Pain Centre at Royal Brisbane Hospital","volume":"52","author":"Nissen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-089X(92)90017-B","article-title":"A standard international socio-economic index of occupational status","volume":"21","author":"Ganzeboom","year":"1992","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2011.02.014","article-title":"Sharpening Wald-type inference in robust regression for small samples","volume":"55","author":"Koller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput Stat Data Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib77","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [No. v4.3.2]","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3825","article-title":"Associations between self-reported cocaine use patterns and cocaine and its metabolites in hair: Implications for clinical and forensic practices","volume":"17","author":"Grison","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25770","article-title":"Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective","volume":"554","author":"Dahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2513","article-title":"Use of psychiatric medication by college students: A decade of data","author":"Morris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy41"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030355","article-title":"The use and impact of cognitive enhancers among university students: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Sharif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3109\/00952999309001618","article-title":"Toward a comparative overview of dependence potential and acute toxicity of psychoactive substances used nonmedically","volume":"19","author":"Gable","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60464-4","article-title":"Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse","volume":"369","author":"Nutt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101652","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in cocaine intake and cognition are linked to cortical thickness adaptations in cocaine users","volume":"21","author":"Hirsiger","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061234","article-title":"Verbal memory deficits are correlated with prefrontal hypometabolism in 18FDG PET of recreational MDMA users","volume":"8","author":"Bosch","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib86","first-page":"1189","article-title":"Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: Implications for substance use disorders","volume":"49","author":"Casey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.596601","article-title":"Cannabis and cognitive functioning: From acute to residual effects, from randomized controlled trials to prospective designs","volume":"12","author":"Bourque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10020102","article-title":"A systematic review of human neuroimaging evidence of memory-related functional alterations associated with cannabis use complemented with preclinical and human evidence of memory performance alterations","volume":"10","author":"Blest-Hopley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2657","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206820109","article-title":"Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife","volume":"109","author":"Meier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0335","article-title":"Association of cannabis with cognitive functioning in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e536","article-title":"Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: Systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis","volume":"344","author":"Asbridge","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-024-00215-1","article-title":"Effects of acute cannabis inhalation on reaction time, decision-making, and memory using a tablet-based application","volume":"6","author":"Brooks-Russell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cannabis Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.11.001","article-title":"Bidirectional causality between addiction and cognitive deficits","volume":"157","author":"Melugin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918001426","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in substance use disorders","volume":"24","author":"Ramey","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.97150.3","article-title":"A robust brain network for sustained attention from adolescence to adulthood that predicts later substance use","volume":"13","author":"Weng","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108500","article-title":"Promising vulnerability markers of substance use and misuse: A review of human neurobehavioral studies","volume":"187","author":"Lees","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172510144X","article-title":"Cannabis use is associated with changes in psychological and functional well-being during young adulthood: Evidence from self-reports and hair analyses","volume":"55","author":"Johnson-Ferguson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117744995","article-title":"Neuroimaging meta-analysis of cannabis use studies reveals convergent functional alterations in brain regions supporting cognitive control and reward processing","volume":"32","author":"Yanes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/CXA.0000000000000090","article-title":"Effects of extended cannabis abstinence in major depressive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Lucatch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0746-4","article-title":"Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom profiles and concurrent problems with alcohol and cannabis: Sex differences in a representative, population survey","volume":"16","author":"Kolla","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.01.006","article-title":"Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse\/dependence: A meta-analytic review","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2025.2491770","article-title":"ADHD and cannabis use in college students: Examining indirect effects of coping motives","volume":"60","author":"Taubin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000413","article-title":"Internalizing symptoms and cannabis and alcohol use: Between- and within-person risk pathways with coping motives","volume":"87","author":"Colder","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2013.841251","article-title":"Subtypes of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cannabis use","volume":"49","author":"Loflin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30401-8","article-title":"Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Black","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291725101700","article-title":"Examining bidirectional associations between cannabis use and internalizing symptoms among high-risk emerging adults: A prospective cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Halladay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000542","article-title":"Longitudinal associations of cannabis, depression, and anxiety in heterosexual and LGB adolescents","volume":"130","author":"London-Nadeau","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib108","first-page":"1781","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in postsecondary students","volume":"10","author":"Nugent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054707305106","article-title":"Adjustment to college in students with ADHD","volume":"11","author":"Rabiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710367621","article-title":"Persistent nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among college students: Possible association with ADHD symptoms","volume":"15","author":"Arria","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.71","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in cocaine users is drug-induced but partially reversible: Evidence from a longitudinal study","volume":"39","author":"Vonmoos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001063","article-title":"Changes in cocaine consumption are associated with fluctuations in self-reported impulsivity and gambling decision-making","volume":"45","author":"Hulka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667174326001084?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667174326001084?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:57:17Z","timestamp":1788382637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2667174326001084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S2667174326001084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-1743"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-1743","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Changing Patterns of Recent Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood and Their Associations With Cognitive Functions and Mental Health","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2026.100795","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier Inc on behalf of the Society of Biological Psychiatry.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100795"}}