{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T09:12:07Z","timestamp":1788685927574,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brainanddevelopment.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:12:49Z","timestamp":1787166769000},"page":"104586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expert consensus-based clinical roadmap for non-invasive brain stimulation in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2639-6122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Barbosa","family":"Goulardins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0429-1258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Bilhar","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2053-3061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bibiana","family":"da Silveira Santos Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8340-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone Consuelo","family":"de Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7518-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Fontes","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3316-9262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Carrara-Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3331-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia","family":"Shirahige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7301-2553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00e1tia","family":"Monte-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S235165","article-title":"Cerebral palsy: current opinions on definition, epidemiology, risk factors, classification and treatment options","volume":"16","author":"Sadowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.16274","article-title":"Proposed updated description of cerebral palsy","volume":"67","author":"Dan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0015","series-title":"International classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15346","article-title":"Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic analysis","volume":"64","author":"McIntyre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0025","first-page":"8","article-title":"A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006","volume":"109","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.087","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"128","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014-2018)","volume":"131","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01619-7","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation on mobility and balance function in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-6-8","article-title":"Using non-invasive brain stimulation to augment motor training-induced plasticity","volume":"6","author":"Bolognini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070929","article-title":"Evidence of neuroplastic changes after transcranial magnetic, electric, and deep brain stimulation","volume":"12","author":"Kricheldorff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15720","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation for the upper extremities in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Metelski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/10538135251336924","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation effectiveness on gait, balance, and motor functions in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Hadoush","year":"2025","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.06.004","article-title":"Safety of transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence based update 2016","volume":"9","author":"Bikson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134346","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of tDCS across different ages, sexes, diagnoses, and amperages: a randomized double-blind controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Buchanan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076112","article-title":"Dosage considerations for transcranial direct current stimulation in children: a computational modeling study","volume":"8","author":"Kessler","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13204","article-title":"Scalp-to-cortex distance of left primary motor cortex and its computational head model: implications for personalized neuromodulation","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.1638","article-title":"Structural growth trajectories and rates of change in the first 3 months of infant brain development","volume":"71","author":"Holland","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0090","first-page":"265","article-title":"Brain plasticity and behaviour in the developing brain","volume":"20","author":"Kolb","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0095","first-page":"859","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in pediatric brain: a computational modeling study","volume":"2012","author":"Minhas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.12.025","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation in children: prospective single center evidence from 3.5 million stimulations","volume":"13","author":"Zewdie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.12.009","article-title":"Safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in children: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.10.012","article-title":"Safety of noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Krishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.12.002","article-title":"Defining consensus: a systematic review recommends methodologic criteria for reporting of Delphi studies","volume":"67","author":"Diamond","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216317690685","article-title":"Guidance on conducting and REporting DElphi studies (CREDES) in palliative care: recommendations based on a methodological systematic review","volume":"31","author":"J\u00fcnger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x","article-title":"Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique","volume":"32","author":"Hasson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07235-4","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.835472","article-title":"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor function and language ability in cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.04.009","article-title":"Noninvasive brain stimulation for rehabilitation of pediatric motor disorders following brain injury: systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"100","author":"Elbanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.10.011","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in pediatric motor disorders: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Saleem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-24-488","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation for upper extremity dysfunction in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000535","article-title":"Transcranial direct-current stimulation on motor function in pediatric cerebral palsy: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Hamilton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.07.030","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation during treadmill training in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Grecco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215514566997","article-title":"Effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation combined with virtual reality for improving gait in children with spastic diparetic cerebral palsy: a pilot, randomized, controlled, double-blind, clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Grecco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.925122","article-title":"Safety and effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on hand function in preschool children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a pilot study","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683231174222","article-title":"Brain stimulation and constraint induced movement therapy in children with unilateral cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S506784","article-title":"Conjunct effects of transcranial direct current stimulation with Mirror therapy on motor control and muscle performance in spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy children: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Waqas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-168","article-title":"Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with gait and mobility training on functionality in children with cerebral palsy: study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Grecco","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0190","first-page":"5241","article-title":"The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on balance control in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"2019","author":"Dadashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813492385","article-title":"Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation in children with dystonia: a sham-controlled study","volume":"29","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815575369","article-title":"Multiday transcranial direct current stimulation causes clinically insignificant changes in childhood dystonia: a pilot study","volume":"30","author":"Bhanpuri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0205","first-page":"222","article-title":"Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation versus virtual reality on gait for children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Radwan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0210","first-page":"1368","article-title":"Effects of different patterns of transcranial magnetic stimulation on upper limb motor function in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy [translated from Chinese by the present author]","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105777","article-title":"Effect of transcranial direct-current stimulation combined with treadmill training on balance and functional performance in children with cerebral palsy: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Duarte","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3109\/17518423.2016.1139639","article-title":"Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation in children with ataxic cerebral palsy: a sham-controlled, crossover, pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Grecco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239105","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1239105","article-title":"Optimized high-definition tDCS in patients with skull defects and skull plates","volume":"17","author":"Guillen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32985-8","article-title":"The phase of plasticity-induced neurochemical changes of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation are different from visual perceptual learning","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0235","first-page":"463","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation \u2013 update 2011","volume":"29","author":"Nitsche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.033","article-title":"Determinants of the electric field during transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"109","author":"Opitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e31802fa393","article-title":"Three-dimensional distribution of the electric field induced in the brain by transcranial magnetic stimulation using figure-8 and deep H-coils","volume":"24","author":"Roth","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S225","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/018)","article-title":"Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: implications for rehabilitation after brain damage","volume":"51","author":"Kleim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2007.08.003","article-title":"Modifying motor learning through gating and homeostatic metaplasticity","volume":"1","author":"Ziemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-020-1022-z","article-title":"State of the evidence traffic lights 2019: systematic review of interventions for preventing and treating children with cerebral palsy","volume":"20","author":"Novak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15055","article-title":"Interventions to improve physical function for children and young people with cerebral palsy: international clinical practice guideline","volume":"64","author":"Jackman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70096-6","article-title":"Contralesional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for chronic hemiparesis in subcortical paediatric stroke: a randomised trial","volume":"7","author":"Kirton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2010.01262.x","article-title":"Reorganization after pre- and perinatal brain lesions","volume":"217","author":"Staudt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00739","article-title":"Pediatric stroke and transcranial direct current stimulation: methods for rational individualized dose optimization","volume":"8","author":"Gillick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2018.02.001","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation and constraint-induced therapy in cerebral palsy: a randomized, blinded, sham-controlled clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Gillick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.012","article-title":"Safety of primed repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and modified constraint-induced movement therapy in a randomized controlled trial in pediatric hemiparesis","volume":"96","author":"Gillick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.08.001","article-title":"Modeling developmental plasticity after perinatal stroke: defining central therapeutic targets in cerebral palsy","volume":"48","author":"Kirton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15021","article-title":"The F-words for child development: functioning, family, fitness, fun, friends, and future","volume":"64","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0305","article-title":"Decision-making in non-invasive neuromodulation in children","volume":"3","author":"Goulardins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.05.013","article-title":"The role of nutrition in brain development: the golden opportunity of the \u201cfirst 1000 days.\u201d","volume":"175","author":"Cusick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.1","article-title":"Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood","volume":"19","author":"Gilmore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12176","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3479-08.2008","article-title":"A structural MRI study of human brain development from birth to 2 years","volume":"28","author":"Knickmeyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.04.058","article-title":"Cortical maturation and myelination in healthy toddlers and young children","volume":"115","author":"Deoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0330","first-page":"2547","article-title":"The abnormal fontanel","volume":"67","author":"Kiesler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586_bb0335","series-title":"Cerebral palsy in under 25s: assessment and management","author":"National Guideline Alliance (UK)","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Brain and Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0387760426000872?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0387760426000872?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T08:40:45Z","timestamp":1788684045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0387760426000872"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0387760426000872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586","relation":{},"ISSN":["0387-7604"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0387-7604","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Expert consensus-based clinical roadmap for non-invasive brain stimulation in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain and Development","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.braindev.2026.104586","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Elsevier B.V. CC BY 4.0","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104586"}}