{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:40:04Z","timestamp":1792662004235,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]],"date-time":"2020-02-08T11:07:29Z","timestamp":1581160049000},"page":"146718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Development and persistence of neuropathic pain through microglial activation and KCC2 decreasing after mouse tibial nerve injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1733","author":[{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Kosaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsukasa","family":"Yafuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chigusa","family":"Shimizu-Okabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeongtae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiori","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiko","family":"Okura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hironobu","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihito","family":"Okabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5005-6710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chitoshi","family":"Takayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.71.399","article-title":"Neuropathic pain intensity depends on the degree of peripheral nerve injury in the rat","volume":"71","author":"Abuduhadeer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nippon Med. Sch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31822e0a5d","article-title":"Inhibition of KCC2 in mouse spinal cord neurons leads to hypersensitivity to thermal stimulation","volume":"113","author":"Austin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6734","article-title":"Extent of nociceptive dermatomes in adult rats is not primarily maintained by axonal competition","volume":"150","author":"Bajrovic","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0020","first-page":"305","article-title":"GABAergic cells and signals in CNS development","volume":"5","author":"Barker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Perspect. Dev. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.08.037","article-title":"The known knowns of microglia-neuronal signalling in neuropathic pain","volume":"557","author":"Beggs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn920","article-title":"Excitatory actions of gaba during development: the nature of the nurture","volume":"3","author":"Ben-Ari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2006","article-title":"GABA: a pioneer transmitter that excites immature neurons and generates primitive oscillations","volume":"87","author":"Ben-Ari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880161007","article-title":"An animal model of neuropathic pain: a review","volume":"16","author":"Bennett","year":"1993","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.04.012","article-title":"Neuron-microglia signaling: chemokines as versatile messengers","volume":"198","author":"Biber","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.89","article-title":"Neuronal CCL21 up-regulates microglia P2X4 expression and initiates neuropathic pain development","volume":"30","author":"Biber","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.03.029","article-title":"Translational neuropathic pain research: a clinical perspective","volume":"338","author":"Bouhassira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0060","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Assessment and analysis of mechanical allodynia-like behavior induced by spared nerve injury (SNI) in the mouse","volume":"122","author":"Bourquin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.06.009","article-title":"Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Breivik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(94)90144-9","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw","volume":"53","author":"Chaplan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-3801(98)90009-X","article-title":"Ectopic mechanosensitivity in injured sensory axons arises from the site of spontaneous electrogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182879ec2","article-title":"The role of different methods of nerve ablation in prevention of neuroma","volume":"131","author":"Chim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f7656","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: mechanisms and their clinical implications","volume":"348","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.08.048","article-title":"Neuronal networks and nociceptive processing in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord","volume":"338","author":"Cordero-Erausquin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01868","article-title":"Trans-synaptic shift in anion gradient in spinal lamina I neurons as a mechanism of neuropathic pain","volume":"424","author":"Coull","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04223","article-title":"BDNF from microglia causes the shift in neuronal anion gradient underlying neuropathic pain","volume":"438","author":"Coull","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7548","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1019-05.2005","article-title":"Vesicle-mediated transport and release of CCL21 in endangered neurons: a possible explanation for microglia activation remote from a primary lesion","volume":"25","author":"de Jong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00276-1","article-title":"Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain","volume":"87","author":"Decosterd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.20.040180.002301","article-title":"Efficient analysis of experimental observations","volume":"20","author":"Dixon","year":"1980","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/429815","article-title":"Microglia control neuronal network excitability via BDNF signalling","volume":"2013","author":"Ferrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.02.006","article-title":"Gephyrin: where do we stand, where do we go?","volume":"31","author":"Fritschy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.02.050","article-title":"Respiratory activity in brainstem of fetal mice lacking glutamate decarboxylase 65\/67 and vesicular GABA transporter","volume":"146","author":"Fujii","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-13-04891.2001","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases in the uninjured dorsal root ganglion neurons in selective spinal nerve ligation model","volume":"21","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00067-2","article-title":"VR1, but not P2X(3), increases in the spared L4 DRG in rats with L5 spinal nerve ligation","volume":"99","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.06.018","article-title":"Spinal microgliosis due to resident microglial proliferation is required for pain hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"16","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4189","article-title":"Injured sensory neuron-derived CSF1 induces microglial proliferation and DAP12-dependent pain","volume":"19","author":"Guan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0332-6","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and microglial activation: systematic review of animal experiments","volume":"12","author":"Hoogland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00297-5","article-title":"Disruption of KCC2 reveals an essential role of K-Cl cotransport already in early synaptic inhibition","volume":"30","author":"Hubner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01591.x","article-title":"VR1 protein expression increases in undamaged DRG neurons after partial nerve injury","volume":"13","author":"Hudson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/328632a0","article-title":"Induction of c-fos-like protein in spinal cord neurons following sensory stimulation","volume":"328","author":"Hunt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.2","article-title":"Microglia in neuropathic pain: cellular and molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"19","author":"Inoue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.04.107","article-title":"NMDA receptor activation underlies the loss of spinal dorsal horn neurons and the transition to persistent pain after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"23","author":"Inquimbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2009.00801.x","article-title":"Animal models of neuropathic pain","volume":"25","author":"Jaggi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2009.02.001","article-title":"Ameliorative potential of rosiglitazone in tibial and sural nerve transection-induced painful neuropathy in rats","volume":"59","author":"Jain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70102-4","article-title":"Allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: clinical manifestations and mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.06.022","article-title":"Glia and pain: is chronic pain a gliopathy?","volume":"154","author":"Ji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.21","article-title":"Therapeutic restoration of spinal inhibition via druggable enhancement of potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2-mediated chloride extrusion in peripheral neuropathic pain","volume":"71","author":"Kahle","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3819","article-title":"Cation-chloride cotransporters in neuronal development, plasticity and disease","volume":"15","author":"Kaila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-08-02843.1999","article-title":"Regulation of intracellular chloride by cotransporters in developing lateral superior olive neurons","volume":"19","author":"Kakazu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0220","first-page":"12","article-title":"Improvements in impaired GABA and GAD65\/67 production in the spinal dorsal horn contribute to exercise-induced hypoalgesia in a mouse model of neuropathic pain","author":"Kami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(99)00036-4","article-title":"Recent advances in GABA research","volume":"34","author":"Kardos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-3-27","article-title":"Transformation of the output of spinal lamina I neurons after nerve injury and microglia stimulation underlying neuropathic pain","volume":"3","author":"Keller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2017.11.002","article-title":"Changes in the expression and localization of signaling molecules in mouse facial motor neurons during regeneration of facial nerves","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90041-9","article-title":"An experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by segmental spinal nerve ligation in the rat","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01627-1","article-title":"Clustering of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors at developing postsynaptic sites: the membrane activation model","volume":"23","author":"Kneussel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2017.11.007","article-title":"Embryonic development of GABAergic terminals in the mouse hypothalamic nuclei involved in feeding behavior","volume":"134","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.10.033","article-title":"Intrathecal clonidine inhibits mechanical allodynia via activation of the spinal muscarinic M1 receptor in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice","volume":"505","author":"Koga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.10.003","article-title":"Distinct development of GABA system in the ventral and dorsal horns in the embryonic mouse spinal cord","volume":"1486","author":"Kosaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.09.009","article-title":"Neuropathic Pain models caused by damage to central or peripheral nervous system","volume":"70","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01375-6","article-title":"Antiallodynic effects produced by stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter in a rat model of neuropathic pain","volume":"291","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04084.x","article-title":"KCC2 expression in immature rat cortical neurons is sufficient to switch the polarity of GABA responses","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.10.010","article-title":"Effects of distal nerve injuries on dorsal-horn neurons and glia: relationships between lesion size and mechanical hyperalgesia","volume":"158","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.17.030194.003033","article-title":"GABAA receptor channels","volume":"17","author":"Macdonald","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271593","article-title":"Regulation of neuronal chloride homeostasis by neuromodulators","volume":"594","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000389","article-title":"Sex differences in pain: a tale of two immune cells","volume":"157","author":"Mapplebeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-017-0289-8","article-title":"Molecules in pain and sex: a developing story","volume":"10","author":"Mapplebeck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03165.x","article-title":"Regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid synthesis in the brain","volume":"60","author":"Martin","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02182-3","article-title":"Getting excited about GABA and sex differences in the brain","volume":"25","author":"McCarthy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.05.004","article-title":"Prevention of NKCC1 phosphorylation avoids downregulation of KCC2 in central sensory pathways and reduces neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"155","author":"Modol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90394-H","article-title":"Changing pattern of c-FOS expression in spinal cord neurons after electrical stimulation of the chronically injured sciatic nerve in the rat","volume":"50","author":"Molander","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6724","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06724.2002","article-title":"Partial peripheral nerve injury promotes a selective loss of GABAergic inhibition in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord","volume":"22","author":"Moore","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4412","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-11-04412.2002","article-title":"Reduction of KCC2 expression and GABAA receptor-mediated excitation after in vivo axonal injury","volume":"22","author":"Nabekura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(90)90044-H","article-title":"The neurochemistry of anxiety: an update","volume":"14","author":"Nutt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.02.030","article-title":"Involvement of medullary GABAergic system in extraterritorial neuropathic pain mechanisms associated with inferior alveolar nerve transection","volume":"267","author":"Okada-Ogawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153375","article-title":"Macrophage-colony stimulating factor derived from injured primary afferent induces proliferation of spinal microglia and neuropathic pain in rats","volume":"11","author":"Okubo","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.4.5.2155149","article-title":"Molecular biology of GABAA receptors","volume":"4","author":"Olsen","year":"1990","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01728.x","article-title":"GABA and epileptogenesis","volume":"38","author":"Olsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn919","article-title":"Is there more to GABA than synaptic inhibition?","volume":"3","author":"Owens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(03)00068-7","article-title":"Cation-chloride co-transporters in neuronal communication, development and trauma","volume":"26","author":"Payne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-3-21","article-title":"Delayed sympathetic dependence in the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain","volume":"3","author":"Pertin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.07.009","article-title":"Tactile allodynia can occur in the spared nerve injury model in the rat without selective loss of GABA or GABA(A) receptors from synapses in laminae I-II of the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn","volume":"156","author":"Polgar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002874","article-title":"Selective nerve root transection in the rat produces permanent, partial nerve injury models with variable levels of functional deficit","volume":"139","author":"Poppler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(92)90014-Q","article-title":"The neuroanatomical basis of anxiety","volume":"55","author":"Pratt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.07.012","article-title":"Protein expression and mRNA cellular distribution of the NKCC1 cotransporter in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia of the rat","volume":"1112","author":"Price","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.12.015","article-title":"Chloride regulation in the pain pathway","volume":"60","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.03.010","article-title":"Trophic actions of GABA on neuronal development","volume":"28","author":"Represa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.17.1.208","article-title":"The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy","volume":"17","author":"Reynolds","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.077495","article-title":"Two developmental switches in GABAergic signalling: the K+-Cl- cotransporter KCC2 and carbonic anhydrase CAVII","volume":"562","author":"Rivera","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23831","article-title":"Sex differences in neuroimmunity and pain","volume":"95","author":"Rosen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-3-40","article-title":"The physiological roles of vesicular GABA transporter during embryonic development: a study using knockout mice","volume":"3","author":"Saito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7317","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1526-05.2005","article-title":"Blocking caspase activity prevents transsynaptic neuronal apoptosis and the loss of inhibition in lamina II of the dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"25","author":"Scholz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.05.001","article-title":"Chloride transporters and GABA polarity in developmental, neurological and psychiatric conditions","volume":"90","author":"Schulte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)91074-S","article-title":"A novel behavioral model of neuropathic pain disorders produced in rats by partial sciatic nerve injury","volume":"43","author":"Seltzer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sengul, G., Watson, C., 2012. Spinal Cord. In The mouse nervous system. Vol., C. Watson, G. Paxinos, L. Puelles, ed.^eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 424-458.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-369497-3.10013-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1067\/S1526-5900(03)00781-8","article-title":"Spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain in the mouse: a behavioral and anatomic analysis","volume":"4","author":"Shields","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy009","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor derived from sensory neurons plays a critical role in chronic pain","volume":"141","author":"Sikandar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4053","article-title":"Different immune cells mediate mechanical pain hypersensitivity in male and female mice","volume":"18","author":"Sorge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23841","article-title":"Sex Differences in Pain","volume":"95","author":"Sorge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St John Smith, E., 2018. Advances in understanding nociception and neuropathic pain. J. Neurol. 265, 231\u2013238.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8641-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0392","article-title":"Modulation of neuropathic-pain-related behaviour by the spinal endocannabinoid\/endovanilloid system","volume":"367","author":"Starowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.12.032","article-title":"Distinct development of the glycinergic terminals in the ventral and dorsal horns of the mouse cervical spinal cord","volume":"343","author":"Sunagawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902310106","article-title":"The somatotopic organization of primary afferent terminals in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord","volume":"231","author":"Swett","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2004.08.012","article-title":"Extrasynaptic localization of GABA in the developing mouse cerebellum","volume":"50","author":"Takayama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.08.044","article-title":"Developmental localization of potassium chloride co-transporter 2 in granule cells of the early postnatal mouse cerebellum with special reference to the synapse formation","volume":"143","author":"Takayama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23701","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23701","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived cells in the population of spinal microglia after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"6","author":"Tashima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.01.048","article-title":"GABA\/glycine signaling during degeneration and regeneration of mouse hypoglossal nerves","volume":"1446","author":"Tatetsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/753656","article-title":"Microglia and spinal cord synaptic plasticity in persistent pain","volume":"2013","author":"Taves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2015.05.013","article-title":"A systematic review of animal models for experimental neuroma","volume":"68","author":"Toia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00655.x","article-title":"The prevalence and impact of chronic pain with neuropathic pain symptoms in the general population","volume":"10","author":"Toth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00721.2002","article-title":"Induction of NMDA and GABAA receptor-mediated Ca2+ oscillations with KCC2 mRNA downregulation in injured facial motoneurons","volume":"89","author":"Toyoda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-011-9288-x","article-title":"CCL2 promotes P2X4 receptor trafficking to the cell surface of microglia","volume":"8","author":"Toyomitsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3518","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5714-08.2009","article-title":"P2X4-receptor-mediated synthesis and release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in microglia is dependent on calcium and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase activation","volume":"29","author":"Trang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740925X12000087","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor from microglia: a molecular substrate for neuropathic pain","volume":"7","author":"Trang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron Glia Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5050-07.2008","article-title":"The clustering of GABA(A) receptor subtypes at inhibitory synapses is facilitated via the direct binding of receptor alpha 2 subunits to gephyrin","volume":"28","author":"Tretter","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01786","article-title":"P2X4 receptors induced in spinal microglia gate tactile allodynia after nerve injury","volume":"424","author":"Tsuda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.07.005","article-title":"A behavioral model of neuropathic pain induced by ligation of the common peroneal nerve in mice","volume":"6","author":"Vadakkan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000231","article-title":"Effect of local application of an antibody against brain-derived neurotrophic factor on neuroma formation after transection of the inferior alveolar nerve in the rat","volume":"25","author":"Valverde Guevara","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"473","key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0560","first-page":"e1","article-title":"The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in different animal models of neuropathic pain","volume":"14","author":"Vanelderen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410100356","article-title":"GABA signalling during development: new data and old questions","volume":"305","author":"Varju","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.10.043","article-title":"Pre- and post-synaptic switches of GABA actions associated with Cl- homeostatic changes are induced in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain","volume":"228","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199701000-00002","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of the pain system and of the pathways that modulate pain","volume":"14","author":"Willis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willis, W.D., W.K., Carlton, S.M., 2004. Pain system. In The rat nervous system. Vol., P. G, ed.^eds. Elsevier, San Diego, california, USA, pp. 853\u2013890.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012547638-6\/50028-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.04.016","article-title":"A shared vesicular carrier allows synaptic corelease of GABA and glycine","volume":"50","author":"Wojcik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061010","article-title":"Gamma knife irradiation of injured sciatic nerve induces histological and behavioral improvement in the rat neuropathic pain model","volume":"8","author":"Yagasaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.111.076083","article-title":"Impaired glycinergic synaptic transmission and enhanced inflammatory pain in mice with reduced expression of vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)","volume":"81","author":"Yamada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0600","first-page":"8776","article-title":"Electrophysiological and histopathological effects of mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of experimental rat model of sciatic nerve injury","volume":"8","author":"Yarar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2007.08.008","article-title":"Gephyrin clustering is required for the stability of GABAergic synapses","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001057","article-title":"MicroRNA-mediated downregulation of potassium-chloride-cotransporter and vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter expression in spinal cord contributes to neonatal cystitis-induced visceral pain in rats","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718_b0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33853","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.395830","article-title":"N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor- and calpain-mediated proteolytic cleavage of K+-Cl- cotransporter-2 impairs spinal chloride homeostasis in neuropathic pain","volume":"287","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006899320300743?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006899320300743?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T18:07:50Z","timestamp":1757786870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006899320300743"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":123,"alternative-id":["S0006899320300743"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Development and persistence of neuropathic pain through microglial activation and KCC2 decreasing after mouse tibial nerve injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146718","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"146718"}}