{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:38:59Z","timestamp":1788262739879,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":378,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T16:05:36Z","timestamp":1748621136000},"page":"149736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Auricular neuromodulation may act through interoception modulation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1863","author":[{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Canini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Claverie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Weill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Pailler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9atrice","family":"Paquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Michel-Cherqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Pellissier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Trousselard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Sagui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2017.03.004","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation suppresses acute noxious activation of trigeminocervical neurons in animal models of primary headache","volume":"102","author":"Akerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105623","article-title":"Hierarchical control over foraging behavior by anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"160","author":"Alejandro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_bib1857","first-page":"18","article-title":"Auricular acupuncture stimulation measured on functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"13","author":"Alimi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Acupunct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4120","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.09.011","article-title":"Analgesic effect of auricular acupuncture for cancer pain: a randomized, blinded, controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Alimi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-023-00677-x","article-title":"Basal forebrain cholinergic signalling: development, connectivity and roles in cognition","volume":"24","author":"Ananth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.25.3.72","article-title":"Are auricular maps reliable for chronic musculoskeletal pain disorders? A double-blind evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Andersson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acupunct. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.05.006","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation acutely improves spontaneous cardiac baroreflex sensitivity in healthy young men: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Antonino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0035","first-page":"356","article-title":"Auriculotherapy: neurophysiology, points to choose, indications and results on musculoskeletal pain conditions: a systematic review of reviews","volume":"2","author":"Artioli","year":"2019","journal-title":"BrJP. S\u00e3o Paulo."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2009.0451","article-title":"Auriculotherapy for pain management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Asher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aston-Jones, G., Shipley, M.T., Chouvet, G., Ennis, M., van Bockstaele, E., Pieribone, V., Shiekhattar, R., Akaoka, H., Drolet, G., Astier, B., Charlity, P., Valentino, R.J., Williams, J.T., 1991. Afferent regulation of locus coeruleus neurons: anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. In: Barnes, C.D., Pornpeiano, O. (eds), Prog. Brain Res., 88, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 47-75.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63799-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13528","article-title":"A comprehensive review of vagus nerve stimulation for depression","volume":"25","author":"Austelle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.04.010","article-title":"Trigeminal nerve stimulation does not acutely affect cortical excitability in healthy subjects","volume":"7","author":"Axelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badran, B.W., Brown, J.C., Dowdle, L.T., Mithoefer, O.J., LaBate, N.T., Coatsworth, J., DeVries, W.H., Austelle, C.W., McTeague, L.M., Yu, A., Bikson, M., D., J.D., George, M.S., 2018a. Tragus or cymba conchae? Investigating the anatomical foundation of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS). Brain Stim. 11, 947\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2018.06.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.06.003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.009","article-title":"Neurophysiologic effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) via electrical stimulation of the tragus: a concurrent taVNS\/fMRI study and review","volume":"11","author":"Badran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15967","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004914117","article-title":"A basal ganglia-like cortical\u2013amygdalar\u2013hypothalamic network mediates feeding behavior","volume":"11","author":"Barbier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_bib1859","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S260","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.103016","article-title":"Brain imaging correlates of peripheral nerve stimulation","volume":"3","author":"Bari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)62272-1","article-title":"The central autonomic network: functional organization, dysfunction, and perspective","volume":"68","author":"Benarroch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.11.001","article-title":"Revisiting how the brain senses glucose \u2014 and why","volume":"29","author":"Bentsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7057282","article-title":"Auricular acupuncture and cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: a randomised controlled study","volume":"2016","author":"Bergdahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2017.06.006","article-title":"Sleep patterns in a randomized controlled trial of auricular acupuncture and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia","author":"Bergdahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.790943","article-title":"How is the norepinephrine system involved in the antiepileptic effects of vagus nerve stimulation?","volume":"15","author":"Berger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7830919","article-title":"Innervation of the human cavum conchae and auditory canal: anatomical basis for transcutaneous auricular nerve stimulation","volume":"2017","author":"Bermejo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14182","article-title":"Vagal mechanisms as neuromodulatory targets for the treatment of metabolic disease. Ann. N.Y","volume":"1454","author":"Berthoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2024.103174","article-title":"Hepatic interoception in health and disease","volume":"253","author":"Berthoud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autonom. Neurosci.: Basic and Clinical."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1021\/cn5001028","article-title":"Interoception and learning: import to understanding and treating diseases and psychopathologies","volume":"5","author":"Bevins","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2408-y","article-title":"Feeling good: on the role of C fiber mediated touch in interoception","volume":"207","author":"Bj\u00f6rnsdotter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(98)00094-X","article-title":"Influences of neck afferents on sympathetic and respiratory nerve activity","volume":"47","author":"Bolton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.003","article-title":"Brain-gut interactions in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"144","author":"Bonaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12817","article-title":"Vagal tone: effects on sensitivity, motility, and inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Bonaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.09.009","article-title":"Diseases, disorders, and comorbidities of interoception","volume":"44","author":"Bonaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.650971","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of vagus nerve stimulation for inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"15","author":"Bonaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223848","article-title":"Influence of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on cardiac vagal activity: not different from sham stimulation and no effect of stimulation intensity","volume":"14","author":"Borges","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.01.003","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation via tragus or cymba conchae: are its psychophysiological effects dependent on the stimulation area?","volume":"161","author":"Borges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0150","article-title":"Pain and emotion as predictive factors of interoception in fibromyalgia","volume":"823\u2013835","author":"Borg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pain Res.,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118566","article-title":"Technical note: modulation of fMRI brainstem responses by transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"244","author":"Borgmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00832.2018","article-title":"Pairing vagus nerve stimulation with tones drives plasticity across the auditory pathway","volume":"122","author":"Borland","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.7.4.356","article-title":"Conflict monitoring and decision making: reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function","volume":"7","author":"Botvinick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.09.002","article-title":"Network reset: a simplified overarching theory of locus coeruleus noradrenaline function","volume":"28","author":"Bouret","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.06.017","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation drives selective circuit modulation through cholinergic reinforcement","volume":"110","author":"Bowles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2003.002654","article-title":"Interaction between direct sympathetic and vagus nerve stimulation on heart rate in the isolated rabbit heart","volume":"89","author":"Brack","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.03.029","article-title":"Capturing the spatiotemporal dynamics of self-generated, task-initiated thoughts with EEG and fMRI","volume":"194","author":"Br\u00e9chet","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.02.052","article-title":"BOLD correlates of EEG topography reveal rapid resting-state network dynamics","volume":"52","author":"Britz","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.12.023","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation: the effect on the brain oscillatory field potential","volume":"483","author":"Broncel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.019","article-title":"Exposed to events that never happen: generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity","volume":"74","author":"Brosschot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.782786","article-title":"Self-administration of right vagus nerve stimulation activates midbrain dopaminergic nuclei","volume":"15","author":"Brougher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00052","article-title":"Antagonistic and synergistic activation of cardiovascular vagal and sympathetic motor outflows in trigeminal reflexes","volume":"8","author":"Buchholz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0230","first-page":"945","article-title":"Transcutaneous nerve stimulation via the tragus: are we stimulating the vagus nerve? Brain Stim.: Basic Transl","volume":"11","author":"Burger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin.res. Neuromodulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.05.007","article-title":"The effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on conditioned fear extinction in humans","volume":"132","author":"Burger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2019.04.006","article-title":"The effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on fear generalization and subsequent fear extinction","volume":"161","author":"Burger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.04.006","article-title":"The effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on pain perception - An experimental study","volume":"6","author":"Busch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13122","article-title":"The anatomical basis for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"236","author":"Butt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00421","article-title":"Concerning auricular vagal nerve stimulation: occult neural networks","volume":"13","author":"Cakmak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11469","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29839-z","article-title":"Peri-arterial autonomic innervation of the human ear","volume":"8","author":"Cakmak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200109000-00001","article-title":"Interoception: the inside story\u2014a model for psychosomatic processes","volume":"63","author":"Cameron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.05.010","article-title":"Visceral brain\u2013body information transfer","volume":"47","author":"Cameron","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25511","article-title":"Encoding of danger by parabrachial CGRP neurons","volume":"555","author":"Campos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2119599119","article-title":"Cardiac sympathetic-vagal activity initiates a functional brain\u2013body response to emotional arousal","volume":"119","author":"Candia-Rivera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0280","article-title":"The effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on cortical excitability","author":"Capone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3727\/036012990816358216","article-title":"The effect of benzodiazepines administration on auricular symptomatological evidence","volume":"15","author":"Ceccherelli","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acupunct. Electrother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00743","article-title":"On the origin of interoception","volume":"7","author":"Ceunen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2005.11.423","article-title":"Effects of nitric oxide and noradrenergic function on skin electric resistance of acupoints and meridians","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0300","first-page":"G1441","article-title":"Subdiaphragmatic vagal afferent nerves modulate visceral pain","volume":"294","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.10.007","article-title":"The emerging science of interoception: sensing, integrating, interpreting, and regulating signals within the self","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021402","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation facilitates cortical arousal and alertness","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_bib1864","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14744","article-title":"Can earlobe stimulation serve as a sham for transcutaneous auricular vagus stimulation? Evidence from an alertness study following sleep deprivation","volume":"62","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.11.024","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic assessment of the autonomic nervous system: a consensus statement endorsed by the American Autonomic Society, American Academy of Neurology, and the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology","volume":"132","author":"Cheshire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in healthy humans reduces sympathetic nerve activity","volume":"7","author":"Clancy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.02.049","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation induces widespread cortical and behavioral activation","volume":"31","author":"Collins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.81826","article-title":"Cholinergic and Noradrenergic Axonal Activity Contains a Behavioral-State Signal That Is Coordinated across the Dorsal Cortex","volume":"12","author":"Collins","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00057.2020","article-title":"A literature review on the neurophysiological underpinnings and cognitive effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation: challenges and future directions","volume":"123","author":"Colzato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-5123-0","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) modulates flow experience","volume":"236","author":"Colzato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12399","article-title":"Trigeminal nerve stimulation for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder","volume":"19","author":"Cook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromodulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0350","article-title":"Effects of auriculotherapy on stress, anxiety and depression in adults and older adults: a systematic review","author":"Corr\u00eaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Esc Enferm USP."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.12.031","article-title":"More than meets the eye: the relationship between pupil size and locus coeruleus activity","volume":"89","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000001171","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation effects on chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Reports."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn894","article-title":"How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body","volume":"3","author":"Craig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00090-4","article-title":"Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body","volume":"13","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555","article-title":"How do you feel - now? The anterior insula and human awareness","volume":"10","author":"Craig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Reviews: Neuroscience."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0248-y","article-title":"The sentient self","volume":"214","author":"Craig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.04.020","article-title":"Interoception and Emotion","volume":"17","author":"Critchley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.02.008","article-title":"Visceral influences on brain and behavior","volume":"77","author":"Critchley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916221094509","article-title":"The role of the skin in interoception: a neglected organ?","volume":"18","author":"Crucianelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0400","article-title":"Bursted auricular vagus nerve stimulation alters heart rate variability in healthy subjects","author":"Csz\u00e9les","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.822436","article-title":"Advancing the understanding of acupoint sensitization and plasticity through cutaneous C-nociceptors","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S424841","article-title":"Sympathetic-sensory coupling as a potential mechanism for acupoints sensitization","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.11.012","article-title":"Short bursts of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation enhance evoked pupil dilation as a function of stimulation parameters","volume":"159","author":"D'Agostini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112910","article-title":"The tactile experience paired with vagus nerve stimulation determines the degree of sensory recovery after chronic nerve damage","volume":"396","author":"Darrow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0425","article-title":"Effects of auriculotherapy on anxiety and biomarkers in primary health care: a clinical trial","volume":"76","author":"da SilvaI","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Bras Enferm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00130","article-title":"Trigeminal, visceral and vestibular inputs may improve cognitive functions by acting through the locus coeruleus and the ascending reticular activating system: a new hypothesis","volume":"11","author":"De Cicco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.11.001","article-title":"Modeling the development of panic disorder with interoceptive conditioning","volume":"27","author":"De Cort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.11.003","article-title":"Effects of short and prolonged transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on heart rate variability in healthy subjects","volume":"203","author":"De Couck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2343","article-title":"Evaluation of different vagus nerve stimulation anatomical targets in the ear by vagus evoked potential responses","volume":"11","author":"de Gurtubay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2016.03.008","article-title":"Auricular acupuncture versus progressive muscle relaxation in patients with anxiety disorders or major depressive disorder: a prospective parallel group clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"de Lorent","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2011.03.002","article-title":"Understanding fear of pain in chronic pain: interoceptive fear conditioning as a novel approach","volume":"15","author":"De Peuter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0493-8","article-title":"Occipital nerve field transcranial direct current stimulation normalizes imbalance between pain detecting and pai inhibitory pathways in fibromyalgia","volume":"14","author":"De Ridder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103933","article-title":"Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation enhances cognitive emotion regulation","volume":"145","author":"De Smet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Therap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0475","article-title":"Effects of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation on cognitive and autonomic correlates of perseverative cognition","volume":"60","author":"De Smet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1113\/EP086433","article-title":"Mechanisms underpinning sympathetic nervous activity and its modulation using transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"103","author":"Deuchars","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9860","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1776-06.2006","article-title":"Locus Ceruleus regulates sensory encoding by neurons and networks in waking animals","volume":"26","author":"Devilbiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1515\/BMT.2008.022","article-title":"A novel transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation leads to brainstem and cerebral activations measured by functional MRI","volume":"53","author":"Dietrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.061747","article-title":"Effects of lorazepam on short latency afferent inhibition and short latency intracortical inhibition in humans","volume":"564","author":"Di Lazzaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10040201","article-title":"Altered interoceptive perception and the effects of interoceptive analgesia in musculoskeletal, primary, and neuropathic chronic pain conditions","volume":"10","author":"Di Lernia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.104166","article-title":"Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission","volume":"318","author":"Dorr","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1343413","article-title":"Effects of multisession prefrontal cortex tDCS or taVNS on stress, perceived stress and sleep quality: a double-blind, randomized controlled study","volume":"15","author":"dos Reis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01110","article-title":"Vagal afferent processing by the paratrigeminal nucleus","volume":"10","author":"Driessen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00378","article-title":"The role of the paratrigeminal nucleus in vagal afferent evoked respiratory reflexes: a neuroanatomical and functional study in guinea pigs","volume":"6","author":"Driessen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0420","first-page":"100","article-title":"Sensitization and interoception as key neurological concepts in osteopathy and other manual medicines","volume":"10","author":"D\u2019Alessandro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000576","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"36","author":"Ellrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09656","article-title":"Reversing pathological neural activity using targeted plasticity","volume":"470","author":"Engineer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325985","article-title":"Bidirectional brain-gut axis effects influence mood and prognosis in IBD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Fairbrass","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.03.025","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates default mode network in major depressive disorder","volume":"79","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S247","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.103014","article-title":"Central mechanisms of cranial nerve stimulation for epilepsy","volume":"3","author":"Fanselow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.568051","article-title":"International consensus based review and recommendations for minimum reporting standards in research on transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (Version 2020)","volume":"14","author":"Farmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1117726","article-title":"Microbiota-ear-brain interaction is associated with generalized anxiety disorder through activation of inflammatory cytokine responses","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1151892","article-title":"Management of auricular transcutaneous neuromodulation and electro-acupuncture of the vagus nerve for chronic migraine: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Hernando","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1983.63.2.484","article-title":"Role of precursor availability in control of monoamine biosynthesis in brain","volume":"63","author":"Fernstrom","year":"1983","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.05.25.493371","article-title":"The central autonomic system revisited \u2013 convergent evidence for a regulatory role of the insular and midcingulate cortex from neuroimaging meta-analyses","volume":"104915","author":"Ferraro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-018-0596-2","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) enhances conflict-triggered adjustment of cognitive control","volume":"18","author":"Fischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0580","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acute effects of respiratory-gated auricular vagal afferent nerve stimulation (RAVANS) in the modulation of blood pressure in hypertensive patients","volume":"45","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"CinC.2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_bib1862","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2003.08.031","article-title":"Event-related fMRI with painful electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve","volume":"22","author":"Fitzek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.08.045","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation increases norepinephrine concentration and the gene expression of BDNF and bFGF in the rat brain","volume":"1179","author":"Follesa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1113\/JP282631","article-title":"Phase-specific pooling of sparse assembly activity by respiration-related brain oscillations","volume":"600","author":"Folschweiller","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-022-02708-5","article-title":"Controlling neuronal assemblies: a fundamental function of respiration related brain oscillations in neuronal networks","volume":"475","author":"Folschweiller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416673206","article-title":"Occipital nerve stimulation improves the quality of life in medically-intractable chronic cluster headache: Results of an observational prospective study","volume":"37","author":"Fontaine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001279","article-title":"\u201cFrom ear to trunk\u201d\u2014magnetic resonance imaging reveals referral of pain","volume":"159","author":"Forstenpointner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14447","article-title":"Ear your heart: transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on heart rate variability in healthy young participants","volume":"10","author":"Forte","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.018","article-title":"Non-invasive access to the vagus nerve central projections via electrical stimulation of the external ear: fMRI evidence in humans","volume":"8","author":"Frangos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000930","article-title":"Modulation of brainstem activity and connectivity by respiratory-gated auricular vagal afferent nerve stimulation (RAVANS) in migraine patients","volume":"158","author":"Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1038339","article-title":"Optimization of respiratory-gated auricular vagus afferent nerve stimulation for the modulation of blood pressure in hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0630","first-page":"34","article-title":"Threat and the body: how the heart supports fear processing","volume":"20","author":"Garfinkel","year":"2016","journal-title":"TICS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000967","article-title":"Interoceptive cardiac signals selectively enhance fear memories","volume":"150","author":"Garfinkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1089\/acu.2018.1294","article-title":"Auricular acupuncture for chronic pain and insomnia: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Garner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Acupunct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263833","article-title":"The effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on HRV in healthy young people","volume":"17","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0650","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation modifies cortical excitability in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"00","author":"Gerges","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092208","article-title":"Electroencephalographic patterns in taVNS: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Gianlorenco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4267","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144267","article-title":"Age as an effect modifier of the effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on heart rate variability in healthy subjects","volume":"13","author":"Gianloren\u00e7o","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00714-0","article-title":"The extended autonomic system, dyshomeostasis, and COVID19","volume":"30","author":"Goldstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Autonom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102889","article-title":"Stress and the \u201cextended\u201d autonomic system","volume":"236","author":"Goldstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14010123","article-title":"Linking the extended autonomic system with the homeostat theory: new perspectives about dysautonomias","volume":"14","author":"Goldstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0680","first-page":"13","article-title":"Ear Acupuncture in European Traditional Medicine","volume":"4","author":"Gori","year":"2007","journal-title":"eCAM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24152","article-title":"Brain H+\/CO2 sensing and control by glial cells","volume":"70","author":"Gourine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1183694","article-title":"A review of the auditory-gut-brain axis","volume":"17","author":"Graham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.765106","article-title":"Use of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation as an adjuvant therapy for the depressive symptoms of COVID-19: a literature review","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.002","article-title":"Quantifying acute physiological biomarkers of transcutaneous cervical vagal nerve stimulation in the context of psychological stress","volume":"13","author":"Gurel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63327-9.00010-2","article-title":"Targeting plasticity with vagus nerve stimulation to treat neurological disease","volume":"207","author":"Hays","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.08.009","article-title":"How to fail with paired VNS therapy","volume":"16","author":"Hays","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1341898","article-title":"Effect of non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cerebral motor excitability\u2014Study protocol for a randomized, sham controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Herr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4426","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5298-05.2006","article-title":"Noradrenergic activation amplifies bottom-up and top-down signal-to-noise ratios in sensory thalamus","volume":"26","author":"Hirata","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0725","series-title":"StatPearls [internet]","article-title":"Anatomy, skin sweat glands","author":"Hodge","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61958-8","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation enhances short latency afferent inhibition via central cholinergic system activation","volume":"14","author":"Horinouchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horsburgh, A., Summers, S.J., Lewis, A., Keegan, R.J., Flood, A., 2024. The relationship between pain and interoception: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Pain. Jan 18, S1526-5900(24)00349-3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.01.341.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.01.341"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.10.Suppl.109","article-title":"The history and development of auriculotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Hs\u00fc","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acupunct. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109081","article-title":"Anterior insula regulates brain network transitions that gate conscious access","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0745","article-title":"Ear-marking relief: a meta-analysis on the efficacy of auricular acupressure in alleviating anxiety disorders","volume":"1\u201312","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med.,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.12.007","article-title":"Reorganization of motor cortex by vagus nerve stimulation requires cholinergic innervation","volume":"9","author":"Hulsey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.112975","article-title":"Norepinephrine and serotonin are required for vagus nerve stimulation directed cortical plasticity","volume":"320","author":"Hulsey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118229","article-title":"When gut feelings teach the brain to fear pain: context-dependent activation of the central fear network in a novel interoceptive conditioning paradigm","volume":"238","author":"Icenhour","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0770","article-title":"Role of auriculotherapy in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders with anxiety in university students","volume":"2015","author":"Iunes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0775","article-title":"Referred pain: characteristics, possible mechanisms, and clinical management","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.028","article-title":"Relationships between pupil diameter and neuronal activity in the locus coeruleus, colliculi, and cingulate cortex","volume":"89","author":"Joshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00772","article-title":"Current directions in the auricular vagus nerve stimulation II \u2013 An engineering perspective","volume":"13","author":"Kaniusas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00854","article-title":"Current directions in the auricular vagus nerve stimulation I \u2013 A physiological perspective","volume":"13","author":"Kaniusas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2012.02439.x","article-title":"Central vagal activation by alpha2-adrenergic stimulation is impaired in spontaneously hypertensive rats","author":"Kawada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-021-00298-1","article-title":"Peripheral nerve stimulation: a review of techniques and clinical efficacy","volume":"10","author":"Kaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0810","article-title":"Brain plasticity and vagus nerve stimulation Autonom","volume":"236","author":"Keute","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci.: Basic and Clinical."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47961-4","article-title":"No modulation of pupil size and event-related pupil response by transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS)","volume":"9","author":"Keute","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.001","article-title":"Neuro-cardiac coupling predicts transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation effects","volume":"14","author":"Keute","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalsa, S.S., Adolphs, R., Cameron, O.G., Critchley, H.D., Davenport, P.W., Feinstein, J.S., Feusner, J.D., Garfinkel, S.N., Lane, R.D., Mehling, W.E., Meuret, A.E., Nemeroff, C.B., Oppenheimer, S., Petzschner, F.H., Pollatos, O., Rhudy, J.L., Schramm, L.P., Simmons, W.K., Stein, M.B., Stephan, K.E., Van den Bergh, O., Van Diest, I., von Leupoldt, A., Paulus, M.P., the Interoception Summit 2016 participants, 2018. Interoception and mental health: a roadmap. Biol. Psychiatry: Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging. 3, 501\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.12.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.12.004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02503.x","article-title":"Vagal modulation of nociception is mediated by adrenomedullary epinephrine in the rat","volume":"17","author":"Khasar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000170","article-title":"Interoception in psychiatric disorders: a review of randomized controlled trials with interoception-based interventions","volume":"26","author":"Khoury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harvard Rev. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-172273","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation paired with tactile training improved sensory function in a chron\u00eec stroke patient","volume":"42","author":"Kilgard","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroRehahilitation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.08.022","article-title":"Reciprocal connections between subdivisions of the dorsal raphe and the nuclear core of the locus coeruleus in the rat","volume":"1026","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168338","article-title":"Auricular acupuncture for exam anxiety in medical students randomized crossover investigation","volume":"11","author":"Klausenitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2019.09.003","article-title":"Central effects of cranial nerve stimulation","volume":"53","author":"Kohlberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin N Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1215757","article-title":"The effect of auricular vagus nerve stimulation on electroencephalography and electromyography measurements in healthy persons","volume":"14","author":"Konako\u011flu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_bib1860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2010.00312.x","article-title":"Central effects of occipital nerve electrical stimulation studied by functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"14","author":"Kovacs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.10.012","article-title":"Efficacy of auricular neurostimulation in adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome in a randomized, double-blind trial","volume":"18","author":"Krasaelap","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0755-z","article-title":"BOLD fMRI deactivation of limbic and temporal brain structures and mood enhancing effect by transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"114","author":"Kraus","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.01.011","article-title":"CNS BOLD fMRI effects of sham-controlled transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the left outer auditory canal","volume":"6","author":"Kraus","year":"2013","journal-title":"A Pilot Study. Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.09.001","article-title":"High-resolution computational modeling of the current flow in the outer ear during transcutaneous auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS)","volume":"14","author":"Kreisberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13927","article-title":"Brain stimulation techniques as novel treatment options for insomnia: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Krone","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692012000500021","article-title":"Applicability of auriculotherapy in reducing stress and as a coping strategy in nursing professionals","volume":"20","author":"Kurebayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019342","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of ear acupuncture for trauma-related mental disorders after large-scale disasters. A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review","volume":"99","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00124","article-title":"Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation effects on hyperarousal and autonomic state in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and history of mild traumatic brain injury: preliminary evidence","volume":"4","author":"Lamb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.02.003","article-title":"Acute vagal nerve stimulation lowers a2 adrenoceptor availability: possible mechanism of therapeutic action","volume":"8","author":"Landau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00059.2021","article-title":"Sensitivity to changes in rate of heartbeats as a measure of interoceptive ability","volume":"126","author":"Larsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53860-4.00021-0","article-title":"Evolution of human emotion. A view through fear","volume":"195","author":"LeDoux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.22","article-title":"Surviving threats: neural circuit and computational implications of a new taxonomy of defensive behaviour","volume":"19","author":"LeDoux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.22119","article-title":"Exploratory investigation of the effects of tactile stimulation using air pressure at the auricular vagus nerve on heart rate variability","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0925","article-title":"The effectiveness of auricular acupressure on chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCIM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnimg.2022.1009399","article-title":"A structural connectivity atlas of limbic brainstem nuclei","volume":"1","author":"Levinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neuroimaging."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020274","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical cranial-auricular acupoint stimulation modulating the brain functional connectivity of mild-to-moderate major depressive disorder: an fMRI study based on independent component analysis","volume":"13","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.974007","article-title":"Shared nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons participating in acupoint sensitization","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1038945","article-title":"The autonomic nervous system: a potential link to the efficacy of acupuncture","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.07.015","article-title":"Somatotopic organization and intensity dependence in driving dstinct NPY-expressing sympathetic pathways by electroacupuncture","volume":"108","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04001-4","article-title":"A neuroanatomical basis for electroacupuncture to drive the vagal-adrenal axis","volume":"598","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines9020013","article-title":"The medial surface of the auricle: historical and recent maps. What are the possible expectations of the \u201cThumb-Index Technique\u201d","volume":"9","author":"Lovato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2023.11113","article-title":"Needle contact test in auricular acupuncture for shoulder pain and where effective auricular acupoints identified are positioned on the map: A controlled study","volume":"33","author":"Lovato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Transl. Myol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0970","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90361-7","article-title":"Convergent afferent inputs to neurones in nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis in the cat","volume":"456","author":"Lovick","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0980","article-title":"Peripheral nerve stimulation: a neuromodulation-based approach Neurosci","volume":"149","author":"Luckey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0985","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72179-4","article-title":"Evaluating phasic transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) with pupil dilation: the importance of stimulation intensity and sensory perception","volume":"14","author":"Ludwig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2025.111250","article-title":"The parasubthalamic nucleus: a novel eating center in the brain","volume":"136","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8870589","article-title":"The instant effects of continuous transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation at acupoints on the functional connectivity of amygdala in migraine without aura: a preliminary study","volume":"2020","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-021-3318-5","article-title":"Biophysical and biochemical studies of low electrical resistance properties of acupuncture points: roles of NOergic signaling molecules and neuropeptides in skin electrical conductance","volume":"27","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b0995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2022.102602","article-title":"Somatotopic organization of autonomic reflexes by acupuncture","volume":"76","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.632697","article-title":"Brain\u2013heart interaction during transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Machetanz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.05.002","article-title":"Cardiovascular autonomic effects of transcutaneous auricular nerve stimulation via the tragus in the rat involve spinal cervical sensory afferent pathways","volume":"12","author":"Mahadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1003","article-title":"Brain changes associated with cognitive and emotional factors in chronic pain: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Malfliet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.862443","article-title":"Effects of sub-threshold transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cingulate cortex and insula resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"16","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23283","article-title":"Brain metabolic sensing and metabolic signaling at the level of an astrocyte","volume":"66","author":"Marina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1030","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation recruits the central cholinergic system to enhance perceptual learning","volume":"1\u201315","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci.,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1035","first-page":"1","article-title":"Norepinephrine ignites local hotspots of neuronal excitation: How arousal amplifies selectivity in perception and memory","volume":"e200","author":"Mather","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0018-506X(02)00024-7","article-title":"The concept of allostasis on biology and biomedicine","volume":"43","author":"McEwen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70510","article-title":"Pupil Diameter Is Not an Accurate Real-Time Readout of Locus Coeruleus Activity","volume":"11","author":"Megemont","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_bib1861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024231174862","article-title":"Functional brainstem representations of the human trigeminal cervical complex","volume":"43","author":"Mehnert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1050","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Auriculotherapy fails to relieve chronic pain. A controlled crossover study","volume":"251","author":"Melzack","year":"1984","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.12.010","article-title":"Constructing and deconstructing the gate theory of pain","volume":"155","author":"Mendell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4398-2","article-title":"Trigeminal nerve stimulation modulates brainstem more than cortical excitability in healthy humans","author":"Mercante","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/acu.2017.1254","article-title":"Anatomo-physiologic basis for auricular stimulation","volume":"30","author":"Mercante","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Acupunct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11092392","article-title":"Cognitive Functions following Trigeminal Neuromodulation","volume":"11","author":"Mercante","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13488","article-title":"Investigating the effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cortical excitability in healthy males","volume":"25","author":"Mertens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103635","article-title":"Fear in the context of pain: lessons learned from 100 years of fear conditioning research","volume":"131","author":"Meulders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Therap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.062","article-title":"EEG microstates as a tool for studying the temporal dynamics of whole-brain neuronal networks: a review","volume":"180","author":"Michel","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mion, F., Pellissier, S., Garros, A., Damon, H., Roman, S., Bonaz, B., 2020. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot, open-label study. Bioelectron. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/bem-2020-0004.","DOI":"10.2217\/bem-2020-0004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2019-0394","article-title":"Auriculotherapy and reducing chronic musculoskeletal pain: integrative review","volume":"73","author":"Morais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Bras Enferm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.10.017","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation intensity influences motor cortex plasticity","volume":"12","author":"Morrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04825-w","article-title":"Effects of auricular acupressure on test anxiety in medical students: a randomized parallel-group trial","volume":"23","author":"Mosavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1110","article-title":"Auricular acupuncture for chronic back pain in adults: a systematic review and metanalysis","volume":"53","author":"Moura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revista Da Escola De Enfermagem Da USP."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1518-8345.6219.3708","article-title":"Effectiveness of auriculotherapy for anxiety, stress or burnout in health professionals: a network meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Munhoz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw215","article-title":"Ear acupuncture for immediate pain relief \u2014 A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"18","author":"Murakami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2011.01226.x","article-title":"Pupillometry and P3 index the locus coeruleus\u2013noradrenergic arousal function in humans","volume":"48","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-019-01632-7","article-title":"Classifying individual differences in interoception: implications for the measurement of interoceptive awareness","volume":"26","author":"Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35634-2","article-title":"Parabrachial-to-parasubthalamic nucleus pathway mediates fear-induced suppression of feeding in male mice","volume":"13","author":"Nagashima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Comm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.02.002","article-title":"The insula: an underestimated brain area in clinical neuroscience, psychiatry, and neurology","volume":"40","author":"Namkung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01385.x","article-title":"Evoked pain analgesia in chronic pelvic pain patients using respiratory-gated auricular vagal afferent nerve stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Napadow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102887","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the vagus system \u2013 emphasis on the somato-visceral interface","volume":"236","author":"Neuhuber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neves, M.L., Coutinho, B.D., da Silva, E.D.C., Gentil, L.B., dos Santos, A.R.S., da Silva, M.D., 2022. Ear acupuncture and neuromodulation: narrative review. Longhua Chin. Med. 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/lcm-21-42.","DOI":"10.21037\/lcm-21-42"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.05.024","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation modulates cortical synchrony and excitability through the activation of muscarinic receptors","volume":"189","author":"Nichols","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1217","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.191","article-title":"Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on extinction of conditioned fear and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in rats","volume":"7","author":"Noble","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1089\/acu.2014.1035","article-title":"How did Paul Nogier establish the map of the ear?","volume":"26","author":"Nogier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Acupunct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1089\/acu.2021.0075","article-title":"History of auriculotherapy: additional information and new developments","volume":"33","author":"Nogier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Acupunct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1180","first-page":"499","article-title":"Interoceptive pathways to understand and treat mental health conditions","volume":"26","author":"Nord","year":"2022","journal-title":"TICS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52368-x","article-title":"Mismatch between subjective and objective dysautonomia","volume":"14","author":"Novak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2002-17107","article-title":"Auriculotherapy stimulation for neuro-rehabilitation","volume":"17","author":"Oleson","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1089\/acu.2018.29085.tol","article-title":"Application of polyvagal theory to auricular acupuncture","volume":"30","author":"Oleson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Acupunct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1205","first-page":"205","article-title":"A comparison of Chinese and Nogier auricular acupuncture points","volume":"11","author":"Oleson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Acupunct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(88)90009-7","article-title":"An experimental evaluation of auricular diagnosis: the somatotopic mapping of musculoskeletal pain at ear acupuncture points","volume":"8","author":"Oleson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa165","article-title":"History of peripheral nerve stimulation\u2014 Update for the 21st century","volume":"21","author":"Ottestad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.03.006","article-title":"Transauricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS) enhances Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) in healthy subjects: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Pacheco-Barrios","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01659","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation as a gateway to interoception","volume":"11","author":"Paciorek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-019-00604-0","article-title":"Inspiratory and expiratorygated transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation have different effects on heart rate in healthy subjects: preliminary results","volume":"31","author":"Paleczny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Autonom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.03.007","article-title":"The parabrachial nucleus: CGRP neurons function as a general alarm","volume":"41","author":"Palmiter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.12.010","article-title":"Inflammation shapes neural processing of interoceptive fear predictors during extinction learning in healthy humans","volume":"108","author":"Pawlik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf8933","article-title":"Neural circuits for pain: recent advances and current views","volume":"354","author":"Peirs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13154385","article-title":"The effect of in-ear and behind-ear transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on autonomic function: a randomized, single-blind, sham-controlled study","volume":"13","author":"Percin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.1089","article-title":"The nerve supply of the human auricle","volume":"15","author":"Peuker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-003-0037-x","article-title":"Convergence of cervical and trigeminal sensory afferents","volume":"7","author":"Piovesan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0360-9","article-title":"Locus coeruleus: a new look at the blue spot","volume":"21","author":"Poe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.004","article-title":"Auricular transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates the heart-evoked potential","volume":"15","author":"Poppa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1270","first-page":"Payot","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Popper","year":"1959","journal-title":"La Logique De La D\u00e9couverte Scientifique."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(01)00162-3","article-title":"The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system","volume":"42","author":"Porges","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00156-2","article-title":"The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic contribution to social behavior","volume":"79","author":"Porges","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-023-00128-z","article-title":"Trigeminal nerve stimulation: a current state of the art review","volume":"9","author":"Powell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioelectron. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.12.020","article-title":"Internal senses of the vagus nerve","volume":"110","author":"Prescott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13915","article-title":"The neurobiology of interoception in health and disease","volume":"1428","author":"Quadt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1089\/acu.2014.1038","article-title":"Scientific basis of auriculotherapy: state of the art","volume":"26","author":"Rabischong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Acupunct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12363","article-title":"The impact of peripheral nerve stimulation on disability and depression","volume":"19","author":"Ramineni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromodulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.63.5.971","article-title":"Modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission from nuclei tractus solitarii: a relay for effects of vagal afferent stimulation","volume":"63","author":"Ren","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.08.051","article-title":"Divergent projections of catecholaminergic neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract to limbic forebrain and medullary autonomic brain regions","volume":"1117","author":"Reyes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2018.00047","article-title":"Function of selective neuromodulatory projections in the mammalian cerebral cortex: comparison between cholinergic and noradrenergic systems","volume":"12","author":"Rho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10100668","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates EEG microstates and delta activity in healthy subjects","volume":"10","author":"Ricci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.043","article-title":"Phase-amplitude coupling at the organism level: the amplitude of spontaneous alpha rhythm fluctuations varies with the phase of the infra-slow gastric basal rhythm","volume":"146","author":"Richter","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.922424","article-title":"Rapid effects of vagus nerve stimulation on sensory processing through activation of neuromodulatory systems","volume":"16","author":"Rodenkirch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2023.1265540","article-title":"Cluster headache: state of the art in treatment","volume":"4","author":"Rodriguez-Leyva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01945-2","article-title":"The cingulate cortex and limbic systems for emotion, action, and memory","volume":"224","author":"Rolls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0415-6412(17)30044-9","article-title":"Why do we fail throughout the world to perform good clinical research in auriculotherapy\/auricular acupuncture?","volume":"60","author":"Romoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dt. Ztschr. F. Akup."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dza.2009.04.001","article-title":"The validation of auricular diagnosis","volume":"52","author":"Romoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dt. Ztschr. F. Akup."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_bib1858","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1768-7","article-title":"Ear acupuncture and fMRI: a pilot study for assessing the specificity of auricular points","volume":"35","author":"Romoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2016.02.006","article-title":"Auricular acupuncture diagnosis in patients with lumbar hernia","volume":"26","author":"Romoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.03.034","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation and neurotrophins: a biological psychiatric perspective","volume":"113","author":"Rosso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1370","article-title":"Auricular acupuncture with laser","volume":"2013","author":"Round","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rouxeville, Y., Meas, Y., Bossy, J., 2007. Auriculoth\u00e9rapie. Acupuncture auriculaire. M\u00e9decines d'Asie - Savoirs & pratiques, Vol. 1, Springer-Verlag, Paris.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-2-287-46617-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2010.12.002","article-title":"The chemical neuroanatomy of vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"42","author":"Ruffoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12020407","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation to improve emotional state","volume":"12","author":"Ruiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04392-7","article-title":"Heart rate variability and cold-induced vascular dilation after stimulation of two different areas of the ear: a prospective, single-blinded, randomized crossover study","volume":"24","author":"Sagui","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1395","first-page":"3454","article-title":"Cognition-enhancing vagus nerve stimulation alters the epigenetic landscape","volume":"39","author":"Sanders","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1400","article-title":"Auricular acupressure can modulate pain threshold","volume":"2015","author":"Santoro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.032502.111311","article-title":"The central autonomic nervous system: conscious visceral perception and autonomic pattern generation","volume":"25","author":"Saper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00750","article-title":"Childhood trauma affects stress-related interoceptive accuracy","volume":"10","author":"Schaan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.875200","article-title":"Interoception: a multi-sensory foundation of participation in daily life","volume":"16","author":"Schmitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105478","article-title":"Interoceptive technologies for psychiatric interventions: from diagnosis to clinical applications","volume":"156","author":"Schoeller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_bib1863","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.09.023","article-title":"Physiological brainstem mechanisms of trigeminal nociception: an fMRI study at 3T","volume":"124","author":"Schulte","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sclocco, R., Garcia, R.G., Gabriel, A., Kettner, N.W., Napadow, V., Barbieri, R., 2017. Respiratory-gated auricular vagal afferent nerve stimulation (RAVANS) effects on autonomic outflow in hypertension. In 39th annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society (EMBC). Vol. 1, pp. 3130-3133.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8037520"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.052","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for brainstem neuroimaging with ultrahigh field MRI","volume":"168","author":"Sclocco","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.02.003","article-title":"The influence of respiration on brainstem and cardiovagal response to auricular vagus nerve stimulation: a multimodal ultrahigh-field (7T) fMRI study","volume":"12","author":"Sclocco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.03.011","article-title":"Stimulus frequency modulates brainstem response to respiratory gated transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Sclocco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00851","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation enhances post-error slowing","volume":"27","author":"Sellaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.11.007","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) enhances recognition of emotions in faces but not bodies","volume":"99","author":"Sellaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108906","article-title":"At the heart of the interoception network: influence of the parasubthalamic nucleus on autonomic functions and motivated behaviors","volume":"204","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000531626","article-title":"Role of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain","volume":"30","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1361-20.2020","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in humans induces pupil dilation and attenuates alpha oscillations","volume":"41","author":"Sharon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13002","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113002","article-title":"Migraine pathophysiology revisited: proposal of a new molecular theory of migraine pathophysiology and headache diagnostic criteria","volume":"23","author":"Shibata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.150052","article-title":"Ameliorating effects and mechanisms of transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation on abdominal pain and constipation","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20140061","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus and trigeminal nerve stimulation for neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Shiozawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420941864","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for primary headache: a clinical update","volume":"40","author":"Silberstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cephalalgia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1490","article-title":"A 12-month pilot study outcomes of vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn's disease","volume":"00","author":"Sinniger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000323002","article-title":"History of peripheral nerve stimulation","volume":"24","author":"Slavin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Neurol. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1190062","article-title":"Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation for migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023","DOI":"10.24966\/ACIM-7562\/100023","article-title":"Auricular acupuncture as an alternative medicine","volume":"3","author":"Stanton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Altern. Complement. Integr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.03.015","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) enhances response selection during action cascading processes","volume":"25","author":"Steenbergen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-021-00928-3","article-title":"Recognizing emotions in bodies: vagus nerve stimulation enhances recognition of anger while impairing sadness","volume":"21","author":"Steenbergen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1520","first-page":"235","article-title":"Neural circuitry of interoception: new insights into anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders","volume":"1","author":"Stern","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1525","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dose-optimization of respiratory-gated auricular vagal afferent nerve stimulation (RAVANS) for blood pressure modulation in hypertensive patients","volume":"46","author":"Stowell","year":"2019","journal-title":"CinC.2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13458","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation combined with slow breathing: speculations on potential applications and technical considerations","volume":"25","author":"Szulczewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-019-0029-8","article-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation of tissue injury and disease: an expanding view of the inflammatory reflex pathway","volume":"5","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioelectron. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35635-6","article-title":"The role of mid-insula in the relationship between cardiac interoceptive attention and anxiety: evidence from an fMRI study","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.05.048","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"337","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1429843","article-title":"Effect of touch on proprioception: non-invasive trigeminal nerve stimulation suggests general arousal rather than tactile-proprioceptive integration","volume":"18","author":"Tanner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.76.s2.05","article-title":"Vagal tone and the inflammatory reflex","volume":"76","author":"Thayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cleveland Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2019.108325","article-title":"Avoiding off-target effects in electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve: neuroanatomical tracing techniques to study fascicular anatomy of the vagus nerve","volume":"325","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8040496","article-title":"Cardiac and peripheral autonomic responses to orthostatic stress during transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in healthy subjects","volume":"8","author":"Tobaldini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12060696","article-title":"Mindfulness, interoception, and the body","volume":"12","author":"Todd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1575","series-title":"The Plastic Brain. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62817-2_4","article-title":"Plasticity in the interoceptive system","author":"Torrealba","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30555","article-title":"Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"117","author":"Tracey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.147194","article-title":"Trigeminal input, pupil size and cognitive performance: from oral to brain matter","volume":"1751","author":"Tramonti Fantozzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82265-6","article-title":"The path from trigeminal asymmetry to cognitive impairment: a behavioral and molecular study","volume":"11","author":"Tramonti Fantozzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1116154","article-title":"Heart rate variability during auricular acupressure at the left sympathetic point on healthy volunteers: a pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Trinh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00976-2","article-title":"Local activation of \u03b12 adrenergic receptors is required for vagus nerve stimulation induced motor cortical plasticity","volume":"11","author":"Tseng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13865","article-title":"Transdermal neuromodulation of noradrenergic activity suppresses psychophysiological and biochemical stress responses in humans","volume":"5","author":"Tyler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxab073","article-title":"Control of inflammation using non-invasive neuromodulation: past, present and promise","volume":"34","author":"Tynan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1615","first-page":"673","article-title":"The vagus nerve and the nicotinic anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"4","author":"Ulloa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-02714-0","article-title":"Electroacupuncture activates neurons to switch off inflammation","volume":"598","author":"Ulloa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Um, Y.H., Wang, S.-M., Kang, D.W., Kim, N.-Y., Lim, H.K., 2022. Alterations of resting-state locus coeruleus functional connectivity after transdermal trigeminal electrical neuromodulation in insomnia. Front. Psychiatry. 13, 875227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.875227.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.875227"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.06.002","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the external ear acutely activates noradrenergic mechanisms in humans","volume":"14","author":"Urbin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3727\/036012903815901606","article-title":"Detection of ear acupuncture points by measuring the electrical skin resistance in patients before, during and after orthopedic surgery performed under general anesthesia","volume":"28","author":"Usichenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acupunct. Electrother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.060875","article-title":"Auricular acupuncture for pain relief after ambulatory knee surgery: a randomized trial","volume":"176","author":"Usichenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"CMAJ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.2010.003244","volume":"28","author":"Usichenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"On Ears and Head. Acupunct. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.07.013","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation (taVNS) might be a mechanism behind the analgesic effects of auricular acupuncture","volume":"10","author":"Usichenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-015-9502-5","article-title":"Preliminary findings of cerebral responses on transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation on experimental heat pain","volume":"11","author":"Usichenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1665","article-title":"Auricular acupoints with reduced skin resistance: detection in patients scheduled for hip arthroplasty","volume":"30","author":"Usichenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Acupunct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238307","article-title":"Auricular stimulation vs. expressive writing for exam anxiety in medical students \u2013 A randomized crossover investigation","volume":"15","author":"Usichenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2021.110581","article-title":"Auricular stimulation for preoperative anxiety - A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials","volume":"76","author":"Usichenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990927)412:3<410::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Efferent projections of the nucleus of the solitary tract to peri\u2010locus coeruleus dendrites in rat brain: evidence for a monosynaptic pathway","volume":"412","author":"Van Bockstaele","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00962-6","article-title":"tDCS peripheral nerve stimulation: a neglected mode of action?","volume":"26","author":"van Boekholdt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16004","article-title":"The effects of transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation on cortical GABAergic and cholinergic circuits: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study","volume":"57","author":"van Midden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1695","article-title":"Metacognitive feelings: a predictive-processing perspective","volume":"1\u201323","author":"Velasco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26613","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation modulates the processing of interoceptive prediction error signals and their role in allostatic regulation","volume":"45","author":"Ventura-Bort","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00202","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) on the P300 and alpha-amylase level: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Ventura-Bort","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.664740","article-title":"Auricular vagus neuromodulation \u2014 A systematic review on quality of evidence and clinical effects","volume":"15","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2021.02.004","article-title":"Cuneate nucleus: the somatosensory gateway to the brain","volume":"20","author":"Versteeg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2018.08.005","article-title":"Does auriculotherapy have therapeutic effectiveness? An overview of systematic reviews","volume":"33","author":"Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10101816","article-title":"The effect of auriculotherapy on situational anxiety trigged by examinations: a randomized pilot trial","volume":"10","author":"Vieira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107201","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation improves interoceptive accuracy","volume":"134","author":"Villani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-042222-023455","article-title":"The coding logic of interoception","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol7."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2016.06.011","article-title":"The similarities between the World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies\u2019 standards for auricular acupuncture points and the European System of Auriculotherapy Points according to Nogier and Bahr","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1452490","article-title":"Advances in VNS efficiency and mechanisms of action on cognitive functions","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.09.010","article-title":"Interventions and manipulations of interoception","volume":"44","author":"Weng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181fd516c","article-title":"The effect of auricular acupuncture on fentanyl requirement during hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Wetzel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6306","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0452-23.2023","article-title":"Phasic, event-related transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation modifies behavioral, pupillary, and low frequency oscillatory power responses","volume":"43","author":"Wienke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1089\/acu.2019.1349","article-title":"The history of ear acupuncture and ear cartography: why precise mapping of auricular points is important","volume":"31","author":"Wirz-Ridolfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Acupunct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002","article-title":"Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation decreases brain activity during trauma scripts","volume":"13","author":"Wittbrodt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13933","article-title":"Does transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation affect vagally mediated heart rate variability? A living and interactive Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1780","first-page":"52","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in treating major depressive disorder","volume":"97","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1785","article-title":"Brain functional mechanisms determining the efficacy of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in primary insomnia","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1790","article-title":"Optimization of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation using functional MRI","author":"Yakunina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207281","article-title":"BOLD fMRI effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in patients with chronic tinnitus","volume":"13","author":"Yakunina","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X21500026","article-title":"Battlefield acupuncture for adult pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00284","article-title":"Critical review of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation: challenges for translation to clinical practice","volume":"14","author":"Yap","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1810","article-title":"Efficacy of auricular therapy for pain management: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2014","author":"Yeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2016.1269197","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation reduces sympathetic preponderance in patients with tinnitus","volume":"137","author":"Ylikoski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.570196","article-title":"Stress and tinnitus; transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation attenuates tinnitus-triggered stress reaction","volume":"11","author":"Ylikoski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22329","article-title":"Activation of central trigeminovascular neurons by cortical spreading depression","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1825","first-page":"499","article-title":"Acupoint sensitization is associated with increased excitability and hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) in C- but not A\u03b4-type neurons","volume":"404","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101971","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation at 1 Hz modulates locus coeruleus activity and resting state functional connectivity in patients with migraine: an fMRI study","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-024-00654-x","article-title":"Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on conditioned pain modulation in trigeminal neuralgia patients","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2015.03.006","article-title":"Auricular therapy for chronic pain management in adults: a synthesis of evidence","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1850","first-page":"485","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical cranial-auricular acupoints stimulation (TECAS) for treatment of the depressive disorder with insomnia as the complaint (DDI): a case series. Brain Stim.: Basic Transl","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin.res. Neuromodulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736_b1855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000001592","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation as a novel therapy connecting the central and peripheral systems: a review","volume":"110","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."}],"container-title":["Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006899325002963?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006899325002963?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T09:10:54Z","timestamp":1779700254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006899325002963"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":378,"alternative-id":["S0006899325002963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Auricular neuromodulation may act through interoception modulation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149736","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"149736"}}