{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T22:33:06Z","timestamp":1784154786703,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020627","name":"Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KNRC\/00\\u201330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KNRC\/00\\u201330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020627","name":"Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KNRC\/00\\u201328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KNRC\/00\\u201328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T23:01:17Z","timestamp":1756767677000},"page":"149922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The neurobehavioral impact of stress and the therapeutic role of valproic acid in a PTSD animal model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1866","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Saleh","family":"Hajghani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansoureh","family":"Sabzalizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Shamsara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taherh","family":"Haghpanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Haghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir Abbas","family":"Arabpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melika","family":"Farhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Afarinesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.11.015","article-title":"Effect of mild and chronic neonatal hypothyroidism on sensory information processing in a rodent model: a behavioral and electrophysiological study","volume":"155","author":"Afarinesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2993","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2993","article-title":"Alteration in social interaction and tactile discrimination of juvenile autistic-like rats following tactile stimulation and whisker deprivation","volume":"13","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.02.041","article-title":"Astaxanthin improves behavioral disorder and oxidative stress in prenatal valproic acid-induced mice model of autism","volume":"286","author":"Al-Amin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2017.00082","article-title":"Role of anterior cingulate cortex in instrumental learning: blockade of dopamine D1 receptors suppresses overt but not covert learning","volume":"11","author":"Aly-Mahmoud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.02.022","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin against valproic acid-induced memory impairments and reductions in adult rat hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"406","author":"Aranarochana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.11.001","article-title":"The teratology of autism","volume":"23","author":"Arndt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000467","article-title":"Animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder and novel treatment targets","volume":"30","author":"Aspesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.07.006","article-title":"Cingulate gyrus volumetry in drug free bipolar patients and patients treated with valproate or valproate and quetiapine","volume":"41","author":"Atmaca","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.11.064","article-title":"Glutamate dysregulation and glutamatergic therapeutics for PTSD: evidence from human studies","volume":"649","author":"Averill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.002642","article-title":"The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors","volume":"63","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.012","article-title":"An Akt\/\u03b2-arrestin 2\/PP2A signaling complex mediates dopaminergic neurotransmission and behavior","volume":"122","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci1020077","article-title":"Long-term changes in pain sensitivity in an animal model of social anxiety","volume":"1","author":"Berry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinary Sciences."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07517.x","article-title":"Antiepileptic drugs and apoptosis in the developing brain","volume":"993","author":"Bittigau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)01148-7","article-title":"Paradoxical effects of chronic corticosterone on forced swim behaviours in aged male and female rats","volume":"424","author":"Brotto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.04.004","article-title":"Blunted cortisol rhythm is associated with learning impairment in aged hamsters","volume":"82","author":"Cain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000327367","article-title":"Serum insulin, cortisol, leptin, neuropeptide Y, galanin and ghrelin levels in epileptic children receiving valproate","volume":"76","author":"Cansu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00055","article-title":"Calcium, dopamine and neuronal calcium sensor 1: their contribution to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Catoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2018.12.026","article-title":"Valproic acid and neural apoptosis, inflammation, and degeneration 30 days after traumatic brain injury, hemorrhagic shock, and polytrauma in a swine model","volume":"228","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/03602530600959433","article-title":"Oxidative stress as a mechanism of valproic acid-associated hepatotoxicity","volume":"38","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.006","article-title":"Pain and stress in a systems perspective: reciprocal neural, endocrine, and immune interactions","volume":"9","author":"Chapman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2005.09.006","article-title":"Gray matter density reduction in the insula in fire survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: a voxel-based morphometric study","volume":"146","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-11-102","article-title":"Altering the trajectory of early postnatal cortical development can lead to structural and behavioural features of autism","volume":"11","author":"Chomiak","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.04.004","article-title":"Safety signals mitigate the consequences of uncontrollable stress via a circuit involving the sensory insular cortex and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis","volume":"70","author":"Christianson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(00)26029-9","article-title":"Eighth C.U. Ari\u00ebns Kappers Lecture. The fabric of the mind: a neurobiological perspective","volume":"126","author":"Damasio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.04.015","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effect of valproic acid\u2014possible involvement of PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR pathway","volume":"329","author":"de Assis Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2004.05.016","article-title":"Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in orofacial pain patients","volume":"99","author":"De Leeuw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Surg., Oral Med., Oral Pathol., Oral Radiol., Endodontol.."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.03.005","article-title":"NCS-1 deficiency causes anxiety and depressive-like behavior with impaired non-aversive memory in mice","volume":"130","author":"de Rezende","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1159\/000522003","article-title":"Grey matter volume reductions of the left hippocampus and amygdala in PTSD: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies","volume":"81","author":"Del Casale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4610","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1506491112","article-title":"FXR1P is a GSK3\u03b2 substrate regulating mood and emotion processing","volume":"112","author":"Del\u2019Guidice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2017","article-title":"The corticotropin-releasing factor family: physiology of the stress response","volume":"98","author":"Deussing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.06.001","article-title":"Single-prolonged stress induces apoptosis in the amygdala in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"44","author":"Ding","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2012.05.005","article-title":"The effect of 5-fluorouracil on the long term survival and proliferation of cells in the rat hippocampus","volume":"88","author":"ELBeltagy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.11.017","article-title":"Fluoxetine improves the memory deficits caused by the chemotherapy agent 5-fluorouracil","volume":"208","author":"ELBeltagy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2510","article-title":"Blast exposure induces post-traumatic stress disorder-related traits in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"29","author":"Elder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110185","article-title":"Validation of prenatal versus postnatal valproic acid rat models of autism: a behavioral and neurobiological study","volume":"108","author":"Elnahas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.34172\/ahj.1511","article-title":"The investigation of valproic acid administration on learning, social Interaction, and depression induced by withdrawal syndrome in morphine-depended mice","volume":"16","author":"Farhadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addiction Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200629010-00001","article-title":"Valproic acid in epilepsy: pregnancy-related issues","volume":"29","author":"Genton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.869792","article-title":"Sex differences in spatial learning and memory in valproic acid rat model of autism: possible beneficial role of exercise interventions","volume":"16","author":"Ghahremani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1999)9:1<1::AID-DA1>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Potential role of the anterior cingulate cortex in PTSD: review and hypothesis","volume":"9","author":"Hamner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsp034","article-title":"Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala","volume":"5","author":"Holzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.12.010","article-title":"Single prolonged stress increases contextual freezing and the expression of glycine transporter 1 and vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 mRNA in the hippocampus of rats","volume":"31","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.05.056","article-title":"Activation of Sigma-1 receptor ameliorates anxiety-like behavior and cognitive impairments in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"311","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.03.004","article-title":"A meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities in PTSD","volume":"30","author":"Karl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey","volume":"52","author":"Kessler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy261","article-title":"High sensitivity mapping of cortical dopamine D2 receptor expressing neurons","volume":"29","author":"Khlghatyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.12.005","article-title":"Social buffering reduces male rats' behavioral and corticosterone responses to a conditioned stimulus","volume":"65","author":"Kiyokawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2011.12.009","article-title":"Valproic acid improves the tolerance for the stress in learned helplessness rats","volume":"72","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01279-2","article-title":"A robust animal model of state anxiety: fear-potentiated behaviour in the elevated plus-maze","volume":"463","author":"Korte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.07.045","article-title":"Valproic acid but not D-cycloserine facilitates sleep-dependent offline learning of extinction and habituation of conditioned fear in humans","volume":"64","author":"Kuriyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2014.032","article-title":"L-tetrahydropalmatine ameliorates development of anxiety and depression-related symptoms induced by single prolonged stress in rats","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.08.060","article-title":"Inhibition of SIRT1 in hippocampal CA1 ameliorates PTSD-like behaviors in mice by protections of neuronal plasticity and serotonin homeostasis via NHLH2\/MAO-A pathway","volume":"518","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1179\/016164110X12556180206194","article-title":"Changes of Bax, Bcl-2 and apoptosis in hippocampus in the rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00108-7","article-title":"Remembering familiar people: the posterior cingulate cortex and autobiographical memory retrieval","volume":"104","author":"Maddock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00198","article-title":"The stressed female brain: neuronal activity in the prelimbic but not infralimbic region of the medial prefrontal cortex suppresses learning after acute stress","volume":"7","author":"Maeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00184","article-title":"Flavonoid hesperidin induces synapse formation and improves memory performance through the astrocytic TGF-\u03b21","volume":"9","author":"Matias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00301-4","article-title":"Mood and anxiety disorders associated with chronic pain: an examination in a nationally representative sample","volume":"106","author":"McWilliams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146907","article-title":"Repeated exposure of na\u00efve and peripheral nerve-injured mice to a snake as an experimental model of post-traumatic stress disorder and its co-morbidity with neuropathic pain","volume":"1744","author":"Mendes-Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00330","article-title":"The role of the rodent insula in anxiety","volume":"10","author":"M\u00e9ndez-Ruette","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.038","article-title":"Selective reduction in amygdala volume in pediatric anxiety disorders: a voxel-based morphometry investigation","volume":"57","author":"Milham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.06.003","article-title":"Regional differences within the anterior cingulate cortex in the generation versus suppression of pain affect in rats","volume":"21","author":"Mussio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10030","article-title":"Anticonvulsant valproic acid inhibits cardiomyocyte differentiation of embryonic stem cells by increasing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species","volume":"67","author":"Na","year":"2003","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110090","article-title":"Chemogenetic activation of the mPFC alleviates impaired fear memory extinction in an animal model of PTSD","volume":"108","author":"Omura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.03.017","article-title":"Glutamate receptor ligands attenuate allodynia and hyperalgesia and potentiate morphine effects in a mouse model of neuropathic pain","volume":"139","author":"Osikowicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115043","article-title":"Social hierarchy differentially influences the anxiety-like behaviors and dendritic spine density in prefrontal cortex and limbic areas in male rats","volume":"469","author":"Parvin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0325","unstructured":"Paxinos, G., Watson, C., 2007. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates 44-168."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(85)90031-7","article-title":"Validation of open: closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat","volume":"14","author":"Pellow","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilozzi, A., et al., 2020. Roles of beta-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010338"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2008000600012","article-title":"Influence of NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists on acute and inflammatory pain in the trigeminal territory: a placebo control study","volume":"66","author":"Piovesan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0345","article-title":"Chronically pre-treatment of pistachio alters the morphology of CA1 hippocampus neurons following transient focal cerebral ischemia in male Wistar rats","volume":"92","author":"Pourmobini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2022.101807","article-title":"Effect of chronic exposure to sertraline on social and cognitive behavior of adult male and female rats under social isolation stress","volume":"78","author":"Rad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Learn. Motiv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666181227165722","article-title":"Valproic acid and epilepsy: from molecular mechanisms to clinical evidences","volume":"17","author":"Romoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-7079-x","article-title":"The mechanisms of action of valproate in neuropsychiatric disorders: can we see the forest for the trees?","volume":"64","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.07.034","article-title":"Effects of chronic plus acute prolonged stress on measures of coping style, anxiety, and evoked HPA-axis reactivity","volume":"63","author":"Roth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.01.333","article-title":"The relation of post-traumatic stress symptoms to depression and pain in patients with accident-related chronic pain","volume":"9","author":"Roth","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.06.069","article-title":"Behavioral and molecular changes in the mouse in response to prenatal exposure to the anti-epileptic drug valproic acid","volume":"170","author":"Roullet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112731","article-title":"Alcohol and nicotine co-administration during pregnancy and lactation periods alters sensory discrimination of adult NMRI mice offspring","volume":"213","author":"Sabzalizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandi, C., Pinelo-Nava, M. T., 2007. Stress and memory: behavioral effects and neurobiological mechanisms. Neural plasticity. 2007.","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/78970"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(99)00072-X","article-title":"Changes in tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression in the rat locus coeruleus following acute or chronic treatment with valproic acid","volume":"22","author":"Sands","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.458","article-title":"Influence of daily social stimulation on behavioral and physiological outcomes in an animal model of PTSD","volume":"6","author":"Seetharaman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0214-0","article-title":"Environmental enrichment, prefrontal cortex, stress, and aging of the brain","volume":"116","author":"Segovia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093432","article-title":"The common traits of the ACC and PFC in anxiety disorders in the DSM-5: meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies","volume":"9","author":"Shang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00427516","article-title":"Discriminative stimulus properties of pentylenetetrazol and bemegride: some generalization and antagonism tests","volume":"64","author":"Shearman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.68.5.1720","article-title":"Nociceptive neurons in area 24 of rabbit cingulate cortex","volume":"68","author":"Sikes","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1032","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714691115","article-title":"Linked networks for learning and expressing location-specific threat","volume":"115","author":"Suarez-Jimenez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2013.11.003","article-title":"Central immune overactivation in the presence of reduced plasma corticosterone contributes to swim stress-induced hyperalgesia","volume":"100","author":"Suarez-Roca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2018.8716","article-title":"Mild permanent chronic thyroid hormone insufficiency induces cognitive dysfunction in the adult male and female rats","volume":"8","author":"Taheri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J App Pharm Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.111.072314","article-title":"Valproic acid increases formation of reactive oxygen species and induces apoptosis in postimplantation embryos: a role for oxidative stress in valproic acid-induced neural tube defects","volume":"80","author":"Tung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21907","article-title":"Enriched environment restores hippocampal cell proliferation and ameliorates cognitive deficits in chronically stressed rats","volume":"87","author":"Veena","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.03.029","article-title":"Valproic acid effects in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"268","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706310","article-title":"Efficacy of antiepileptic isomers of valproic acid and valpromide in a rat model of neuropathic pain","volume":"146","author":"Winkler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2005.06.008","article-title":"Efficacy of antiepileptic tetramethylcyclopropyl analogues of valproic acid amides in a rat model of neuropathic pain","volume":"49","author":"Winkler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-013-0853-4","article-title":"Valproic acid: an anticonvulsant drug with potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"386","author":"Ximenes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.03.007","article-title":"Microinjection of valproic acid into the ventrolateral orbital cortex exerts an antidepressant-like effect in the rat forced swim test","volume":"85","author":"Xing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20629","article-title":"Single prolonged stress: toward an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"26","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2006.09.001","article-title":"Enriched environment treatment restores impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits induced by prenatal chronic stress","volume":"87","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.08.016","article-title":"Brain correlates of stress-induced analgesia","volume":"151","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15976","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15976","article-title":"Different neural circuitry is involved in physiological and psychological stress-induced PTSD-like \u201cnightmares\u201d in rats","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36615","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06809-0","article-title":"Movento effects on learning and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein of adult male rats","volume":"26","author":"Zangiabadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-8-76","article-title":"Increased nociceptive sensitivity and nociceptin\/orphanin FQ levels in a rat model of PTSD","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12701","article-title":"N ociceptin\/orphanin FQ peptide receptor antagonist JTC\u2010801 reverses pain and anxiety symptoms in a rat model of post\u2010traumatic stress disorder","volume":"172","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006899325004858?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006899325004858?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T04:23:07Z","timestamp":1780114987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006899325004858"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["S0006899325004858"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The neurobehavioral impact of stress and the therapeutic role of valproic acid in a PTSD animal model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149922","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"149922"}}