{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T02:01:03Z","timestamp":1791684063820,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":241,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LQ23H090016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ23H090016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:49:45Z","timestamp":1780069785000},"page":"150395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Fluid-based biomarkers of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: recent advances and future prospects"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1888","author":[{"given":"Yiru","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00b7Shuqi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00b7Bingjie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00b7Lingling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00b7Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaoyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1608853","article-title":"Emerging biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: from pathogenesis to clinical applications","volume":"12","author":"Anjum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000730","article-title":"Epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an update of recent literature","volume":"32","author":"Longinetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1131","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Beijing: epidemiologic features and prognosis from 2010 to 2015","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09190-7","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of motor neurone disease in Scotland","volume":"266","author":"Leighton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2018.1511732","article-title":"Epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, North-Eastern Italy, 2002-2014: a retrospective population-based study","volume":"20","author":"Palese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12435-9","article-title":"Update on recent advances in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"271","author":"Riva","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103732","article-title":"Predictors of survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a large meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3430","article-title":"The changing scene of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Robberecht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3109\/17482960802566824","article-title":"Prognostic factors in ALS: a critical review","volume":"10","author":"Chio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis : Official Publication of the World Federation of Neurology Res. Group on Motor Neuron Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80851-y","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Cyprus: a population-based study","volume":"14","author":"Mitsi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e613","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207474","article-title":"Global prevalence and incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"101","author":"Wolfson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09652-y","article-title":"Global variation in prevalence and incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"267","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10040819","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and genetic features of ALS in the last decade: a prospective population-based study in the emilia romagna region of italy","volume":"10","author":"Gianferrari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12743-0","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of ALS: a 42-year population-based nationwide study","volume":"272","author":"Levison","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0075","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Motor Neuron Disease Collaborators (2018) Global, regional, and national burden of motor neuron diseases 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"Gbd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0080","first-page":"57","article-title":"Variation in worldwide incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Marin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21937","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosisas broad therapeutic targets for gene therapy applications utilizing adeno-associated viral vectors","volume":"43","author":"Merjane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105531","article-title":"A system-wide mislocalization of RNA-binding proteins in motor neurons is a new feature of ALS","volume":"160","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-025-00480-x","article-title":"Optogenetic induction of TDP-43 aggregation impairs neuronal integrity and behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01893-x","article-title":"ALS-linked mutant TDP-43 in oligodendrocytes induces oligodendrocyte damage and exacerbates motor dysfunction in mice","volume":"12","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-02096-w","article-title":"TDP-43-dependent mis-splicing of KCNQ2 triggers intrinsic neuronal hyperexcitability in ALS\/FTD","volume":"28","author":"Joseph","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319949","article-title":"Cerebral hemorrhage: pathophysiology, treatment, and future directions","volume":"130","author":"Magid-Bernstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09486-z","article-title":"Associations between atherosclerosis and neurological diseases, beyond ischemia-induced cerebral damage","volume":"20","author":"Col\u00edn-Castel\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0120","article-title":"Global Characterization of peripheral B cells in Parkinson\u2019s disease by single-cell RNA and BCR sequencing","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1404442","article-title":"Obesity and neurological disorders: dietary perspective of a global menace","volume":"59","author":"Bhat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00589-x","article-title":"Amyloid-beta and tau pathologies act synergistically to induce novel disease stage-specific microglia subtypes","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.011","article-title":"Exposing the role of metals in neurological disorders: a focus on manganese","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001123","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2023 update: a report from the american heart association","volume":"147","author":"Tsao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101616","article-title":"Sleep deficiency as a driver of cellular stress and damage in neurological disorders","volume":"63","author":"Coulson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01285-w","article-title":"Approaches to Gene modulation therapy for ALS","volume":"19","author":"Meijboom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.203","article-title":"The epidemiology of ALS: a conspiracy of genes, environment and time","volume":"9","author":"Al-Chalabi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802973-2.00013-6","article-title":"The epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"138","author":"Talbott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14393","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinical review","volume":"27","author":"Masrori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102739","article-title":"Fluid-based biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"108","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00612-2","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a neurodegenerative disorder poised for successful therapeutic translation","volume":"22","author":"Mead","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01272-7","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"400","author":"Feldman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00891-2","article-title":"Biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: current status and future prospects","volume":"19","author":"McMackin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00515-1","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers of inflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Staats","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0195","unstructured":"Group F-NBW (2016) BEST (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools) Resource. National Institutes of Health (US)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12111523","article-title":"Current state and future directions in the therapy of ALS","volume":"12","author":"Tzeplaeff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1603471","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"377","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30199-5","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: moving towards a new classification system","volume":"15","author":"Al-Chalabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307223","article-title":"Cognitive correlates in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based study in Italy","volume":"86","author":"Montuschi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300188","article-title":"The syndrome of cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based study","volume":"83","author":"Phukan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.04.005","article-title":"A proposal for new diagnostic criteria for ALS","volume":"131","author":"Shefner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26045","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of gold coast criteria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"89","author":"Hannaford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.08.014","article-title":"Gold Coast diagnostic criteria increase sensitivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"132","author":"Pugdahl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0503-x","article-title":"Fluid-based biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Vu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics : J. American Society for Experi. NeuroTherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-327503","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of disease activity and progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"93","author":"Dreger","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001094","article-title":"Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Witzel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2020.1779298","article-title":"Focus on the heterogeneity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Bendotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2310168","article-title":"Biomarker changes during 20 years preceding Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"390","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.79.3.637","article-title":"Intermediate filaments in nervous tissues","volume":"79","author":"Liem","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.308072","article-title":"Current application of neurofilaments in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and future perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Falzone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018309","article-title":"Neurofilaments and neurofilament proteins in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)85144-X","article-title":"Characterization of mammalian neurofilament triplet proteins. Subunit stoichiometry and morphology of native and reconstituted filaments","volume":"260","author":"Scott","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa098","article-title":"neurofilaments: neurobiological foundations for biomarker applications","volume":"143","author":"Gafson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-051013-022746","article-title":"Biophysical challenges to axonal transport: motor-cargo deficiencies and neurodegeneration","volume":"43","author":"Encalada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0058-z","article-title":"Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders","volume":"14","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4152","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174152","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic role of blood and cerebrospinal fluid and blood neurofilaments in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Gagliardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.212","article-title":"CSF neurofilament light chain reflects corticospinal tract degeneration in ALS","volume":"2","author":"Menke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altman T, Ionescu A, Ibraheem A, et al (2020) Axonal TDP-43 Drives NMJ Disruption through Inhibition of Local Protein Synthesis.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-87662\/v1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00346","article-title":"A VDAC1-derived N-terminal peptide inhibits mutant SOD1-VDAC1 interactions and toxicity in the SOD1 model of ALS","volume":"13","author":"Shteinfer-Kuzmine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0320","unstructured":"Baldwin KR, Godena VK, Hewitt VL, Whitworth AJ Axonal transport defects are a common phenotype in Drosophila models of ALS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0325","unstructured":"Moller A, Bauer CS, Cohen RN, et al Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated mutant SOD1 inhibits anterograde axonal transport of mitochondria by reducing Miro1 levels."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5891","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3709-15.2016","article-title":"Rescue of glaucomatous neurodegeneration by differentially modulating neuronal endoplasmic reticulum stress molecules","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00523","article-title":"Excitatory dendritic mitochondrial calcium toxicity: implications for parkinson\u2019s and other neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"12","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318704","article-title":"Neurofilament light chain in serum for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"90","author":"Verde","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15030241","article-title":"Neurofilament light chain in cerebrospinal fluid and blood in multiple system atrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Demiri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9043-0","article-title":"Significance of CSF NfL and tau in ALS","volume":"265","author":"Schreiber","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50943","article-title":"Combined use of CSF NfL and CSF TDP-43 improves diagnostic performance in ALS","volume":"6","author":"Kasai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28093","article-title":"Debamestrocel multimodal effects on biomarker pathways in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are linked to clinical outcomes","volume":"69","author":"Lindborg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weishaupt J, P K, P S, et al (2024) Tofersen decreases neurofilament levels supporting the pathogenesis of the SOD1 p.D91A variant in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Communications medicine 4:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-024-00573-0.","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00573-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-305494","article-title":"Immune reactivity to neurofilament proteins in the clinical staging of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Puentes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2024.2428930","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid levels of NfM in relation to NfL and pNfH as prognostic markers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Olofsson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0380","article-title":"NfL makes regulatory debut as neurodegenerative disease biomarker","volume":"22","author":"Mullard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107999","article-title":"Regulation of TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) homeostasis by cytosolic DNA accumulation","volume":"300","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48488-7","article-title":"TDP-43 proteinopathy in ALS is triggered by loss of ASRGL1 and associated with HML-2 expression","volume":"15","author":"Garcia-Montojo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102441","article-title":"TDP-43 proteinopathy in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: from pathomechanisms to therapeutic strategies","volume":"100","author":"Ho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-023-00685-6","article-title":"Fluid biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review","volume":"19","author":"Irwin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu Y (2025) Advancements in TDP-43 research: Towards biomarkers and therapeutic targets for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahr.2024.100215"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01914-9","article-title":"Decoding TDP-43: the molecular chameleon of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"12","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.663637","article-title":"TDP-43 and phosphorylated TDP-43 levels in paired plasma and CSF samples in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.18214\/jend.2024.00080","article-title":"TDP-43 as a fluid biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Electrodiagn Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4490","article-title":"Haploinsufficiency leads to neurodegeneration in C9ORF72 ALS\/FTD human induced motor neurons","volume":"24","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.04.006","article-title":"Gain of toxicity from ALS\/FTD-linked repeat expansions in C9ORF72 is alleviated by antisense oligonucleotides targeting GGGGCC-containing RNAs","volume":"90","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10956-w","article-title":"Motor dysfunction and neurodegeneration in a C9orf72 mouse line expressing poly-PR","volume":"10","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1192-8","article-title":"Antisense transcripts of the expanded C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat form nuclear RNA foci and undergo repeat-associated non-ATG translation in c9FTD\/ALS","volume":"126","author":"Gendron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30387-4","article-title":"Poly(GR) and poly(GA) in cerebrospinal fluid as potential biomarkers for C9ORF72-ALS\/FTD","volume":"13","author":"Krishnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01589-4","article-title":"PolyGR and polyPR knock-in mice reveal a conserved neuroprotective extracellular matrix signature in C9orf72 ALS\/FTD neurons","volume":"27","author":"Milioto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.356","article-title":"C9orf72 poly-GA proteins impair neuromuscular transmission","volume":"44","author":"Tu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zool. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.09.032","article-title":"Cell-to-cell transmission of dipeptide repeat proteins linked to C9orf72-ALS\/FTD","volume":"17","author":"Westergard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.6064","article-title":"Phosphorylated tau as a candidate biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Grossman","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(77)90214-5","article-title":"Physical and chemical properties of purified tau factor and the role of tau in microtubule assembly","volume":"116","author":"Cleveland","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0475","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: disease stage related changes of tau protein and S100 beta in cerebrospinal fluid and creatine kinase in serum","volume":"353","author":"S \u0308ussmuth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0480","article-title":"Tau protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"111","author":"Fj","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.019","article-title":"Total tau is increased, but phosphorylated tau not decreased, in cerebrospinal fluid in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Wilke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05767-7","article-title":"CSF and blood levels of Neurofilaments, T-Tau, P-Tau, and Abeta-42 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Agah","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9008-3","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic power of CSF Tau in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"265","author":"Scarafino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-310998","article-title":"Rate of disease progression: a prognostic biomarker in ALS","volume":"87","author":"Labra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chio A, Hardiman O, Chio, et al (2009) Prognostic factors in ALS: A critical review. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\u00a0: official publication of the World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Motor Neuron Diseases 10:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17482960802566824.","DOI":"10.3109\/17482960802566824"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1707-9","article-title":"Roles of tau protein in health and disease","volume":"133","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-0983-7","article-title":"CSF biomarkers cutoffs: the importance of coincident neuropathological diseases","volume":"124","author":"Toledo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330709","article-title":"Elevated plasma p-tau181 levels unrelated to Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"94","author":"Vacchiano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57144-7","article-title":"Phosphorylated tau 181 and 217 are elevated in serum and muscle of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Abu-Rumeileh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran C, Reddy N, Thomas JK, et al (2025) CHI3L1 (YKL-40) and Chit-1 expressing glia in the white matter of ALS, FTLD, and AD correlate to pathology and disease duration. 2025.05.05.25326702.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.05.25326702"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-321916","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal measures of chitinase proteins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and expression of CHI3L1 in activated astrocytes","volume":"91","author":"Vu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e921","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000921","article-title":"Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins as biomarkers in neurologic disorders","volume":"8","author":"Pinteac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317138","article-title":"Chitotriosidase (CHIT1) is increased in microglia and macrophages in spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cerebrospinal fluid levels correlate with disease severity and progression","volume":"89","author":"Steinacker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052523","article-title":"Inflammasome in ALS skeletal muscle: NLRP3 as a potential biomarker","volume":"22","author":"Moreno-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25143","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid macrophage biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1559-0275-10-19","article-title":"Chitotriosidase - a putative biomarker for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Varghese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25691","article-title":"CHIT1 at diagnosis reflects long\u2010term multiple sclerosis disease activity","volume":"87","author":"Oldoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6301","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076301","article-title":"Chitinase signature in the plasticity of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"24","author":"Russo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.10.039","article-title":"TLR- and NOD2-dependent regulation of human phagocyte-specific chitotriosidase","volume":"581","author":"van Eijk","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1269-3","article-title":"K284-6111 prevents the amyloid beta-induced neuroinflammation and impairment of recognition memory through inhibition of NF-\u03baB-mediated CHI3L1 expression","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11071210","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid chitinases as biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-320442","article-title":"CSF chitinase proteins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"90","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51114","article-title":"CSF chitinases before and after symptom onset in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Gray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0487","article-title":"Minocycline slows disease progression in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Kriz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02560.x","article-title":"Increased levels of inflammatory chemokines in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Kuhle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2003.08.042","article-title":"Intrathecal synthesis of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: further evidence for microglial activation in neurodegeneration","volume":"144","author":"Wilms","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000232025.84238.e1","article-title":"Intrathecal upregulation of granulocyte colony stimulating factor and its neuroprotective actions on motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Tanaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28738","article-title":"Systematic Assessment of 10 Biomarker Candidates focusing on \u03b1-Synuclein-Related Disorders","volume":"36","author":"Schulz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80370-6","article-title":"Combination of serum and CSF neurofilament-light and neuroinflammatory biomarkers to evaluate ALS","volume":"11","author":"Brodovitch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1418320","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and glycosylation-related cerebrospinal fluid proteins for predicting functional decline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a proteomic study","volume":"15","author":"Nakamura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2017.07.020","article-title":"Incremento de las citoquinas prote\u00edna quimiot\u00e1ctica de monocitos-1 (MCP-1) y prote\u00edna inflamatoria macrof\u00e1gica-1\u03b2 (MIP-1\u03b2) en l\u00edquido cefalorraqu\u00eddeo de pacientes con esclerosis lateral amiotr\u00f3fica","volume":"35","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12513","article-title":"Increased levels of MIP-1\u03b1 in CSF and serum of ALS","volume":"134","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01418-4","article-title":"BDNF-dependent modulation of axonal transport is selectively impaired in ALS","volume":"10","author":"Tosolini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22827","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02310-2","article-title":"Neuron-specific enolase level is a useful biomarker for distinguishing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"11","author":"Tsukahara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0655","article-title":"Prognostic relationship of neurofilaments, CHIT1, YKL-40 and MCP-1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"93","author":"M","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5729","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-1482-9","article-title":"Exploring cerebrospinal fluid IgG N-glycosylation as potential biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"56","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.389357","article-title":"Circulating proteomic biomarkers for diagnosing sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01499-6","article-title":"Neurofilaments can differentiate ALS subgroups and ALS from common diagnostic mimics","volume":"11","author":"Behzadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02470-z","article-title":"Serum NfL and CHI3L1 for ALS and parkinsonian disorders in the process of diagnosis","volume":"129","author":"Haji","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12511","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light chain levels as a marker of upper motor neuron degeneration in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Gille","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10714-3","article-title":"Comparative diagnosis interest of NfL and pNfH in CSF and plasma in a context of FTD-ALS spectrum","volume":"269","author":"Escal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2019-0015","article-title":"Correlations between serum and CSF pNfH levels in ALS, FTD and controls: a comparison of three analytical approaches","volume":"57","author":"Wilke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2017.07.001","article-title":"C-reactive protein: a promising biomarker in ALS?","volume":"174","author":"Corcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0700","article-title":"Association between C-reactive protein and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72247-5","article-title":"Elevated acute phase proteins reflect peripheral inflammation and disease severity in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Beers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.6179","article-title":"Serum C-reactive protein as a prognostic biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"74","author":"Lunetta","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2008.01112.x","article-title":"Low-grade systemic inflammation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"119","author":"Keizman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14409","article-title":"Blood biomarkers and prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39739-5","article-title":"A ferroptosis-based panel of prognostic biomarkers for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Devos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(01)00514-7","article-title":"Increased interleukin-6 of skin and serum in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"187","author":"Ono","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000188907.97339.76","article-title":"Elevated IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in patients with ALS: inflammation or hypoxia?","volume":"65","author":"Moreau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.06.053","article-title":"Altered expression of metabolic proteins and adipokines in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"357","author":"Ngo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2016.284","article-title":"Panel of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in ALS: a pilot study","volume":"44","author":"Blasco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.01.026","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"398","author":"Pronto-Laborinho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-94","article-title":"Evaluating the levels of interleukin-1 family cytokines in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Italiani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function","volume":"116","author":"Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03520-7","article-title":"Differential expression of miRNAs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients","volume":"60","author":"Gomes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-015-0161-7","article-title":"Identification of plasma microRNAs as a biomarker of sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0775","article-title":"EPHA4 is a disease modifier of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in animal models and in humans","volume":"18","author":"Hoecke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00349-X","article-title":"Increased oxidative damage to DNA in ALS patients","volume":"29","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11682","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411682","article-title":"Creatine kinase MB isoenzyme is a complementary biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Kittipeerapat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-022-00988-8","article-title":"Heat-shock chaperone HSPB1 regulates cytoplasmic TDP-43 phase separation and liquid-to-gel transition","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1230436","article-title":"Closest horizons of Hsp70 engagement to manage neurodegeneration","volume":"16","author":"Venediktov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317413","article-title":"Plasma creatinine: a potential prognostic biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?","volume":"89","author":"Vucic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51299","article-title":"Decreased serum creatinine levels predict short survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/17482968.2012.696659","article-title":"Troponin T elevation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis without cardiac damage","volume":"14","author":"Hof","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2021.1939384","article-title":"Cardiac troponin T is elevated and increases longitudinally in ALS patients","volume":"23","author":"Kl\u00e4ppe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51708","article-title":"Serum levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Verde","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14070661","article-title":"Creatine kinase and respiratory decline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Correia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1309568","article-title":"Cystatin C is associated with poor survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients","volume":"17","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201201544","article-title":"Regulatory T-lymphocytes mediate amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progression and survival","volume":"5","author":"Henkel","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189764","article-title":"Evaluation of a synthetic retinoid, ellorarxine, in the NSC-34 cell model of motor neuron disease","volume":"25","author":"Escudier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03890-6","article-title":"A plasma proteomics-based candidate biomarker panel predictive of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Chia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2021.1990345","article-title":"Urinary p75ECD levels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1113\/EP087031","article-title":"Neopterin\/7,8-dihydroneopterin is elevated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and protects mdx skeletal muscle function","volume":"103","author":"Lindsay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10047-7","article-title":"Urinary neopterin, a new marker of the neuroinflammatory status in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"267","author":"Lunetta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15237","article-title":"Urinary neopterin: a novel biomarker of disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Shepheard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.645694","article-title":"Commentary: urinary neopterin, a new marker of the neuroinflammatory status in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Esp\u00edndola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/146608201753275463","article-title":"A potential role for the p75 low-affinity neurotrophin receptor in spinal motor neuron degeneration in murine and human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Lowry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Other Motor Neuron Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0880","article-title":"Sustainability-driven accelerated shear-mediated immunoassay for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis detection","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1102-1131","article-title":"The neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR): novel functions and implications for diseases of the nervous system","volume":"5","author":"Dechant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90304-6","article-title":"Spinal cord motoneurons express p75NGFR and p145trkB mRNA in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"621","author":"Seeburger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00755-8","article-title":"Expression of the low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 in spinal motoneurons in a transgenic mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"116","author":"Copray","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.03.007","article-title":"p75 neurotrophin receptor signaling in nervous system injury and degeneration: paradox and opportunity","volume":"35","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087398","article-title":"The extracellular domain of neurotrophin receptor p75 as a candidate biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Shepheard","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/12227","article-title":"SOD1 mutants linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis selectively inactivate a glial glutamate transporter","volume":"2","author":"Trotti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05430-w","article-title":"Urinary extracellular domain of neurotrophin receptor p75 as a biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a chinese cohort","volume":"7","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003741","article-title":"Urinary p75ECD: a prognostic, disease progression, and pharmacodynamic biomarker in ALS","volume":"88","author":"Shepheard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.1075","article-title":"Urinary collagen metabolite excretion in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Ono","year":"2001","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(98)00223-8","article-title":"Collagen abnormalities in the spinal cord from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"160","author":"Ono","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0935","article-title":"Decreased urinary concentrations of type IV collagen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"100","author":"Ono","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/gm383","article-title":"Salivary biomarker development using genomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches","volume":"4","author":"Bonne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00021-13","article-title":"Salivary biomarkers: toward future clinical and diagnostic utilities","volume":"26","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.06.022","article-title":"Oral function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: a matched case-control study","volume":"40","author":"Schimmel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.47.1278","article-title":"Salivary chromogranin a: useful and quantitative biochemical marker of affective state in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Obayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.04.013","article-title":"The cortisol awakening response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is blunted and correlates with clinical status and depressive mood","volume":"37","author":"Roozendaal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.01.008","article-title":"Is the cortisol awakening rise a response to awakening?","volume":"32","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0970","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67138-8","article-title":"Human salivary Raman fingerprint as biomarker for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Carlomagno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5237","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065237","article-title":"Saliva and saliva extracellular vesicles for biomarker candidate identification-assay development and pilot study in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Sjoqvist","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2024.09.005","article-title":"Metabolomics of basal tears in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"34","author":"Khanna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0985","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061265","article-title":"Integrated lipidomics and metabolomics analysis of tears in multiple sclerosis: an insight into diagnostic potential of lacrimal fluid","volume":"20","author":"Cicalini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51837-y","article-title":"Proteins and microRNAs are differentially expressed in tear fluid from patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Kenny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b0995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.03.001","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of tear fluid reveals disease-specific patterns in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease - a pilot study","volume":"63","author":"Boerger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16995","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c02546","article-title":"Tear-based vibrational spectroscopy applied to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"93","author":"Ami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2022.01.010","article-title":"Metabolomics and lipidomics approaches in human tears: a systematic review","volume":"67","author":"Khanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.123932","article-title":"Validation of metabolomic and lipidomic analyses of human tears using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"253","author":"Catanese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5901","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03857-z","article-title":"A Panel of miRNA biomarkers common to serum and brain-derived extracellular vesicles identified in mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"61","author":"Vassileff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02937-4","article-title":"Plasma extracellular vesicle tau and TDP-43 as diagnostic biomarkers in FTD and ALS","volume":"30","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75083-z","article-title":"Examining the complex Interplay between gut microbiota abundance and short-chain fatty acid production in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients shortly after onset of disease","volume":"14","author":"Fontdevila","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2023-332132","article-title":"Recurrent de novo SPTLC2 variant causes childhood-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by excess sphingolipid synthesis","volume":"95","author":"Syeda","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/42032","article-title":"An exploratory trial of EPI-589 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (EPIC-ALS): protocol for a multicenter, open-labeled, 24-Week, single-group study","volume":"12","author":"Haji","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00473","article-title":"Impaired mitophagy plays a role in denervation of neuromuscular junctions in ALS mice","volume":"11","author":"Rogers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2023.12.005","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain mediates age-associated lower learning and memory in healthy adults","volume":"135","author":"Hemminghyth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12408","article-title":"Age\u2010associated changes in the blood\u2010brain barrier: comparative studies in human and mouse","volume":"44","author":"Goodall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2019.11.019","article-title":"An update on fluid biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases: recent success and challenges ahead","volume":"61","author":"Simr\u00e9n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26801","article-title":"Addressing heterogeneity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis CLINICAL TRIALS","volume":"62","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32480-0","article-title":"Evaluation of plasma levels of NFL, GFAP, UCHL1 and tau as Parkinson\u2019s disease biomarkers using multiplexed single molecule counting","volume":"13","author":"Youssef","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03400-0","article-title":"Phospho-tau serine-262 and serine-356 as biomarkers of pre-tangle soluble tau assemblies in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47971-5","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid reference proteins increase accuracy and interpretability of biomarkers for brain diseases","volume":"15","author":"Karlsson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.966139","article-title":"Editorial: blood biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"15","author":"Karikari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020325","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as potential biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Barbo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00515-1","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers of inflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Staats","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14110848","article-title":"Barriers in the nervous system: challenges and opportunities for novel biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Pisoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncrna.2024.02.006","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of dysregulated microRNAs derived from liquid biopsies as biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Casado Gama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Noncoding RNA Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-020-00397-6","article-title":"A longitudinal study defined circulating microRNAs as reliable biomarkers for disease prognosis and progression in ALS human patients","volume":"7","author":"Dobrowolny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.79063","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles, the emerging mirrors of brain physiopathology","volume":"19","author":"Cano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10010011","article-title":"Paraoxonase role in human neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"10","author":"Reichert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12061253","article-title":"SIMOA diagnostics on Alzheimer\u2019s disease and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"12","author":"Chatziefstathiou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5970","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13479","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for neurodegenerative experimental models","volume":"19","author":"Marzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51910","article-title":"Order from chaos: using CSF proteomics to predict ALS progression","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00548","article-title":"Proteomics approaches for biomarker and drug target discovery in ALS and FTD","volume":"13","author":"Hedl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323611","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics yields insight into ALS disease mechanisms","volume":"91","author":"Goutman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9121944","article-title":"Altered metabolic profiles of the plasma of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14010047","article-title":"A machine learning approach for highlighting microRNAs as biomarkers linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis diagnosis and progression","volume":"14","author":"Lauria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00588-8","article-title":"A machine-learning based objective measure for ALS disease severity","volume":"5","author":"Vieira","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.02.031","article-title":"Single-cell dissection of the human motor and prefrontal cortices in ALS and FTLD","volume":"187","author":"Pineda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104877","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of the brainstem of mutant SOD1 mice reveals perturbed cell types and pathways of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"141","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111508","article-title":"Genome-wide CRISPR screen reveals v-ATPase as a drug target to lower levels of ALS protein ataxin-2","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-025-01435-7","article-title":"Digital twins as global learning health and disease models for preventive and personalized medicine","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01073-0","article-title":"Digital twins for health: a scoping review","volume":"7","author":"Katsoulakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1185","article-title":"Concepts and applications of digital twins in healthcare and medicine","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Patterns (N Y)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1190","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; National Academy of Engineering; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate; Board on Life Sciences; Computer Science and Telecommunications Board; Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics; Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics; Committee on Foundational Research Gaps and Future Directions for Digital Twins (2024) Foundational Research Gaps and Future Directions for Digital Twins. National Academies Press (US), Washington (DC)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-019-0701-3","article-title":"Digital twins to personalize medicine","volume":"12","author":"Bj\u00f6rnsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1200","article-title":"Utilization of precision medicine digital twins for drug discovery in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395_b1205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001365","article-title":"Monitoring multiple sclerosis: digital and fluid phase biomarkers","volume":"38","author":"Ward","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006899326002556?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006899326002556?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:13:13Z","timestamp":1784131993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006899326002556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":241,"alternative-id":["S0006899326002556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Fluid-based biomarkers of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: recent advances and future prospects","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2026.150395","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"150395"}}