{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:37:00Z","timestamp":1792197420079,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]],"date-time":"2005-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]],"date-time":"2005-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Research Bulletin"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,20]],"date-time":"2005-08-20T07:18:48Z","timestamp":1124522328000},"page":"327-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Autism and Asperger's disorder: Are they movement disorders involving the cerebellum and\/or basal ganglia?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Ashwini","family":"Nayate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole J.","family":"Rinehart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.2.262","article-title":"Differential effects of developmental cerebellar abnormality on cognitive and motor functions in the cerebellum: an fMRI study of autism","volume":"160","author":"Allen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib2","unstructured":"American Psychological Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-TR, 4th ed., American Psychiatric Association Press, Washington, DC, 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(02)00201-4","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops: Theoretical and practical aspects","volume":"26","author":"Baev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib4","series-title":"Neuroanatomic Observations of the Brain in Autism","first-page":"119","author":"Bauman","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00166-2","article-title":"Effects of early midline cerebellar lesion on cognitive and emotional functions in the rat","volume":"112","author":"Bobee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib6","series-title":"Developmental Disorders of the Frontostriatal System: Neuropsychological, Neuropsychiatric, and Evolutionary Perspectives","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361300004003005","article-title":"Neuromotor assessment and autistic disorder","volume":"4","author":"Brasic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib8","series-title":"Advances in Neurology: Gait Disorders","first-page":"11","article-title":"The central pattern generator for locomotion in mammals","author":"Burke","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib9","series-title":"Neurology","author":"Collins","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(97)80016-5","article-title":"Brainstem, cerebellar, and limbic neuroanatomical abnormalities in autism","volume":"7","author":"Courchesne","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.2.245","article-title":"Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder","volume":"57","author":"Courchesne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.108.5.848","article-title":"Impairment in shifting attention in autistic and cerebellar patients","volume":"108","author":"Courchesne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.4.935","article-title":"Movement-related potentials in Parkinson's disease: presence and predictability of temporal and spatial cues","volume":"118","author":"Cunnington","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199907)14:4<619::AID-MDS1011>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Interference of rhythmic constraint on gait in healthy subjects and patients with early Parkinson's disease: evidence for impaired locomotor pattern generation in early Parkinson's disease","volume":"14","author":"Ebersbach","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.7.1349","article-title":"Comparative analysis of gait in Parkinson's disease, cerebellar ataxia, and subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy","volume":"122","author":"Ebersbach","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540120019007","article-title":"Locomotion of autistic adults","volume":"50","author":"Hallett","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130310","article-title":"Gait variability and basal ganglia disorders: Stride-to-stride variations of gait cycle timing in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease","volume":"13","author":"Hausdorff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.4.570","article-title":"Left temporal lobe damage in Asperger's Syndrome","volume":"156","author":"Jones","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib19","first-page":"39","article-title":"Moving on: Autism and movement disturbance","volume":"34","author":"Leary","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ment. Retard."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib20","series-title":"Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders","first-page":"365","article-title":"Ataxia and other cerebellar syndromes","author":"Lechtenberg","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<80::AID-MRDD4>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Repetitive behaviour disorders in autism","volume":"4","author":"Lewis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.3.291","article-title":"Investigation of neuroanatomical differences between autism and Asperger Syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Lotspeich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02178165","article-title":"Comparison of Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autistic children on a test of motor impairment","volume":"25","author":"Manjiviona","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1205","article-title":"The reach-to-grasp movement in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"358","author":"Mari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf150","article-title":"Brain anatomy and sensorimotor gating in Asperger's syndrome","volume":"125","author":"McAlonan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389501000413","article-title":"Right-hemisphere dysfunction in Asperger's syndrome","volume":"10","author":"McKelvey","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000145771.98657.62","article-title":"Underdevelopment of the postural control system in autism","volume":"63","author":"Minshew","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib28","series-title":"Advances in Neurology: Gait Disorders","first-page":"25","article-title":"Supraspinal sites that induce locomotion in the vertebrate central nervous system","author":"Mori","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90116-9","article-title":"Site-specific postural and locomotor changes evoked in awake, freely moving intact cats by stimulating the brainstem","volume":"505","author":"Mori","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.5.1169","article-title":"The pathogenesis of gait hypokinesia in Parkinson's disease","volume":"117","author":"Morris","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib31","series-title":"Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders","first-page":"377","article-title":"Gait disorders","author":"Nutt","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib32","series-title":"Advances in Neurology: Gait Disorders","first-page":"135","article-title":"Classification of gait and balance disorders","author":"Nutt","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.2.268","article-title":"Human walking and higher-level gait disorders, particularly in the elderly","volume":"43","author":"Nutt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130616","article-title":"Gait in patients with cerebellar ataxia","volume":"13","author":"Palliyath","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh287","article-title":"Neuropathological findings in autism","volume":"127","author":"Palmen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10074","article-title":"Early postural adjustments associated with gait initiation and age-related walking difficulties","volume":"17","author":"Patchay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib37","series-title":"Clinical Disorders of Balance, Posture, and Gait","first-page":"19","article-title":"Neurobiomechanical bases for the control of human locomotion","author":"Patla","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199512000-00006","article-title":"Neuroimaging in child and adolescent neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"34","author":"Peterson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01008-8","article-title":"Evidence for a cerebellar role in reduced exploration and stereotyped behaviour in autism","volume":"49","author":"Pierce","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005617831035","article-title":"Movement preparation in high-functioning autism and Asperger disorder: a serial choice reaction time task involving motor reprogramming","volume":"31","author":"Rinehart","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.1.12","article-title":"Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia","volume":"72","author":"Ring","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.7.862","article-title":"Lower Purkinje cell counts in the cerebella of four autistic subjects: initial findings of the UCLA-NSAC autopsy research report","volume":"143","author":"Ritvo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib43","volume":"vol. 41","author":"Schmahmann","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(99)00020-2","article-title":"An MRI study of the basal ganglia in autism","volume":"23","author":"Sears","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.4.4.406","article-title":"Regional cerebral glucose metabolism and attention in adults with a history of childhood autism","volume":"4","author":"Siegel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.2.184","article-title":"Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"59","author":"Sparks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.3.289","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the gait disorder of normal pressure hydrocephalus and Parkinson's disease","volume":"70","author":"Stolze","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403919101","article-title":"Eshkol-Wachman movement notation in diagnosis: The early detection of Asperger's syndrome","volume":"101","author":"Teitelbaum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13982","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.23.13982","article-title":"Movement analysis in infancy may be useful for early diagnosis of autism","volume":"95","author":"Teitelbaum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib50","first-page":"583","article-title":"Frontal lobe ataxia","volume":"44","author":"Terry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199909)14:5<808::AID-MDS1014>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Velocity modulation and rhythmic synchronization of gait in Huntington's disease","volume":"14","author":"Thaut","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01530-5","article-title":"Reduced thalamic volume in high-functioning individuals with autism","volume":"53","author":"Tsatsanis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1981.00510100074013","article-title":"Gait disturbances in patients with autistic behaviour","volume":"38","author":"Vilensky","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib54","series-title":"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems","author":"WHO","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(94)00154-8","article-title":"Kinetics: our window into the goals and strategies of the central nervous system","volume":"67","author":"Winter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110505","article-title":"Quantitative gait analysis in patients with vascular parkinsonism","volume":"11","author":"Zijlmans","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."}],"container-title":["Brain Research Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0361923005002790?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0361923005002790?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T19:54:27Z","timestamp":1759780467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0361923005002790"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0361923005002790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0361-9230"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0361-9230","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Autism and Asperger's disorder: Are they movement disorders involving the cerebellum and\/or basal ganglia?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Research Bulletin","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.07.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}