{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:57:13Z","timestamp":1780595833940,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behaviour Research and Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,9]],"date-time":"2009-05-09T08:09:53Z","timestamp":1241856593000},"page":"671-679","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Fear and disgust processing during repeated exposure to threat-relevant stimuli in spider phobia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Bunmi O.","family":"Olatunji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate B.","family":"Wolitzky-Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany G.","family":"Ciesielski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin N.","family":"Etzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bieke","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.03.007","article-title":"Cognitive vulnerability: a model of the etiology of fear","volume":"26","author":"Armfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6402(93)90012-Q","article-title":"Negative beliefs of spider phobics: a psychometric evaluation of the spider phobia beliefs questionnaire","volume":"15","author":"Arntz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib3","series-title":"HLM: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling with the HLM\/2L and HLM\/3L programs","author":"Bryk","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib4","series-title":"Anxiety disorders: Psychological approaches to theory and treatment","author":"Craske","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939208411068","article-title":"An argument for basic emotions","volume":"6","author":"Ekman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib11","series-title":"Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment","first-page":"3","article-title":"Emotional processing theory: an update","author":"Foa","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.99.1.20","article-title":"Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information","volume":"99","author":"Foa","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939508408966","article-title":"Emotion elicitation using films","volume":"9","author":"Gross","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)90212-7","article-title":"Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: a scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors","volume":"16","author":"Haidt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2006.10.009","article-title":"Beyond fear and disgust: the role of (automatic) contamination-related associations in spider phobia","volume":"38","author":"Huijding","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib16","series-title":"Human emotions","author":"Izard","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00002-8","article-title":"Spider phobia in children: disgust and fear before and after treatment","volume":"35","author":"de Jong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(97)00178-5","article-title":"Blood-injection-injury phobia and fear of spiders: domain specific individual differences in disgust sensitivity","volume":"24","author":"de Jong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00135-7","article-title":"Counter conditioning in the treatment of spider phobia: effects on disgust, fear and valence","volume":"38","author":"de Jong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(74)80008-0","article-title":"Psychometric description of some specific fear questionnaires","volume":"5","author":"Klorman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00031-5","article-title":"Manipulations of exposure-based therapy to reduce return of fear: a replication","volume":"38","author":"Lang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1991.tb01017.x","article-title":"The reliability and specificity of delta versus residualized change as measures of cardiovascular reactivity to behavioral challenges","volume":"28","author":"Llambre","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(09)80011-9","article-title":"A test of the disease-avoidance model of animal phobias","volume":"29","author":"Matchett","year":"1991","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6402(93)90011-P","article-title":"The role of evaluative learning and disgust sensitivity in the etiology and treatment of spider phobia","volume":"15","author":"Merckelbach","year":"1993","journal-title":"Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.3.464","article-title":"Disgust and spider phobia","volume":"105","author":"Mulkens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025406059967","article-title":"The pathogenesis of childhood anxiety disorders: considerations from a development psychopathology perspective","volume":"30","author":"Muris","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.09.005","article-title":"A dirty animal is a scary animal! Effects of disgust-related information on fear beliefs in children","volume":"46","author":"Muris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00045-5","article-title":"Disgust sensitivity, trait anxiety and anxiety disorders symptoms in normal children","volume":"37","author":"Muris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.2.4.371","article-title":"General longitudinal modeling of individual differences in experimental designs: a latent variable framework for analysis and power estimation","volume":"2","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib27","series-title":"Theoretical issues in behavior therapy","first-page":"123","article-title":"Animal and social phobias: biological constraints on learned fear responses","author":"\u00d6hman","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.01.005","article-title":"Evaluative learning and emotional responding to fearful and disgusting stimuli in spider phobia","volume":"20","author":"Olatunji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.12.005","article-title":"The disgust propensity and sensitivity scale-revised: psychometric properties and specificity in relation to anxiety disorder symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Olatunji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-007-9164-8","article-title":"Expectancy bias for fear and disgust and behavioral avoidance in spider fearful individuals","volume":"32","author":"Olatunji","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2007.03.007","article-title":"Specificity of disgust sensitivity in the prediction of fear and disgust responding to a brief spider exposure","volume":"22","author":"Olatunji","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.03.004","article-title":"Multimodal assessment of disgust in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"45","author":"Olatunji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2005.24.7.932","article-title":"Disgust: characteristic features, social implications, and clinical manifestations","volume":"24","author":"Olatunji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.08.011","article-title":"Structural differentiation of disgust from negative affectivity in the prediction of specific anxiety disorder symptoms","volume":"45","author":"Olatunji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2005.09.007","article-title":"Differential UCS expectancy bias in spider fearful individuals: evidence towards an association between spiders and disgust-relevant outcomes","volume":"37","author":"van Overveld","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.04.021","article-title":"Disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity: separate constructs that are differentially related to specific fears","volume":"41","author":"van Overveld","year":"2006","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(92)90003-Y","article-title":"Fearful distortions","volume":"30","author":"Rachman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib38","series-title":"Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods","author":"Raudenbush","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib39","series-title":"Handbook of emotions","first-page":"637","article-title":"Disgust","author":"Rozin","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00127-2","article-title":"Exposure to disgust-evoking imagery and information processing biases in blood-injection-injury phobia","volume":"37","author":"Sawchuk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00093-5","article-title":"Disgust sensitivity and contamination fears in spider and blood-injection-injury phobias","volume":"38","author":"Sawchuk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00093-6","article-title":"Emotional responding to fearful and disgusting stimuli in specific phobics","volume":"40","author":"Sawchuk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00094-8","article-title":"An examination of the decline in fear and disgust during exposure-based treatment","volume":"40","author":"Smits","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib45","series-title":"Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory (Form Y)","author":"Spielberger","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.1.100","article-title":"Automatic processing among individuals with spider phobia: change in implicit fear associations following treatment","volume":"112","author":"Teachman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00066-7","article-title":"Studies on the role of disgust in the acquisition and maintenance of specific phobia","volume":"36","author":"Thorpe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00048-X","article-title":"Disgust and disgust sensitivity in blood-injection-injury and spider phobia","volume":"10","author":"Tolin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.08.023","article-title":"The repeated confrontation with videotapes of spiders in multiple contexts attenuates renewal of fear in spider anxious students","volume":"45","author":"Vansteenwegen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930143000464","article-title":"Disgust and fear in response to spiders","volume":"16","author":"Vermon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2004.04.002","article-title":"Disgust as a motivator of avoidance of spiders","volume":"19","author":"Woody","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.7.3.291","article-title":"Intersection of disgust and fear: normative and pathological views","volume":"7","author":"Woody","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology, Science and Practice"}],"container-title":["Behaviour Research and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005796709001193?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005796709001193?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T02:25:32Z","timestamp":1545272732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0005796709001193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0005796709001193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-7967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-7967","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}}}