{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T17:10:51Z","timestamp":1785690651312,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behaviour Research and Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]],"date-time":"2011-11-17T19:11:48Z","timestamp":1321557108000},"page":"13-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Outcome predictors in guided and unguided self-help for social anxiety disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Nordgreen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.E.","family":"Havik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.G.","family":"\u00d6st","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Furmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Carlbring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2008.04.004","article-title":"Self-help cognitive-behavioral therapy with minimal therapist contact for social phobia: a controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib2","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.01.010","article-title":"Using the Internet to provide cognitive behaviour therapy","volume":"47","author":"Andersson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib4","series-title":"Stepped care and e-Health: Practical applications to behavioral disorders","first-page":"99","article-title":"Social phobia (social anxiety disorder)","author":"Andersson","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.02.003","article-title":"Predicting treatment outcome in Internet versus face to face treatment of panic disorder","volume":"24","author":"Andersson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.4.677","article-title":"Internet-based self-help with therapist feedback and in\u00a0vivo group exposure for social phobia: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"74","author":"Andersson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-1849(05)80038-1","article-title":"Psychological applications on the Internet: a discipline on the threshold of a new millennium","volume":"8","author":"Barak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Applied & Preventive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00499.x","article-title":"A\u00a0review of self-management interventions for panic disorders, phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorders","volume":"111","author":"Barlow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00054-6","article-title":"The dissemination of empirically supported treatments: a view to the future","volume":"37","author":"Barlow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20603","article-title":"Internet-based treatment for social phobia: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Berger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(72)90045-6","article-title":"Credibility of analogue therapy rationales","volume":"3","author":"Borkovec","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/13284200500378662","article-title":"An open study of Internet-based bibliotherapy with minimal therapist contact via email for social phobia","volume":"10","author":"Carlbring","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Psychologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.105.020107","article-title":"Treatment of social phobia: randomised trial of Internet-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy with telephone support","volume":"190","author":"Carlbring","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.10.002","article-title":"Treatment of panic disorder: live therapy vs. self-help via Internet","volume":"43","author":"Carlbring","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1194","article-title":"Adherence in Internet interventions for anxiety and depression: systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Christensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib16","series-title":"Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment","first-page":"69","article-title":"A\u00a0cognitive model of social phobia","author":"Clark","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib17","series-title":"Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-007-0034-6","article-title":"Self-help interventions for anxiety disorders: an overview","volume":"4","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7916(00)00012-4","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the credibility\/expectancy questionnaire","volume":"31","author":"Devilly","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008399","article-title":"Antecedents of the risk of recovery from DSM-III-R social phobia","volume":"29","author":"DeWit","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00193-1","article-title":"Stages of change in anxiety: psychometric properties of the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA)","volume":"42","author":"Dozois","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3109\/08039480903426929","article-title":"Pre-treatment patient variables as predictors of drop-out and treatment outcome in cognitive behavioural therapy for social phobia: a systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Eskildsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7.1.e11","article-title":"The law of attrition","volume":"7","author":"Eysenbach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7.1.e7","article-title":"Usage and longitudinal effectiveness of a web-based self-help cognitive behavioral therapy program for panic disorder","volume":"7","author":"Farvolden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib25","series-title":"Structural clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders","author":"First","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701004056","article-title":"The Liebowitz social anxiety scale: a comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats","volume":"31","author":"Fresco","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.060996","article-title":"Guided and unguided self-help for social anxiety disorder: randomised controlled trial","volume":"195","author":"Furmark","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib28","article-title":"Social phobia \u2013 effective treatment with cognitive-behavioural therapy","author":"Furmark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liber"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050163","article-title":"Social phobia in the general population: prevalence and sociodemographic profile","volume":"34","author":"Furmark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib30","series-title":"Self-help in the human services","author":"Gartner","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707000062","article-title":"What makes self-help interventions effective in the management of depressive symptoms? Meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"37","author":"Gellatly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.03.007","article-title":"Attrition from self-directed interventions: investigating the relationship between psychological predictors, intervention content and dropout from a body dissatisfaction intervention","volume":"71","author":"Geraghty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018324","article-title":"Predicting outcome in computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in primary care: a randomised trial","volume":"78","author":"de Graaf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1584.2007.00859.x","article-title":"Internet-based mental health programs: a powerful tool in the rural medical kit","volume":"15","author":"Griffiths","year":"2007","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Rural Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.01.010","article-title":"Internet administration of self-report measures commonly used in research on social anxiety disorder: a psychometric evaluation","volume":"26","author":"Hedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01183-0","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: current status and future directions","volume":"51","author":"Heimberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900027279","article-title":"Self-help and Internet-guided interventions in depression and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of meta-analyses","volume":"14","author":"van\u2019t Hof","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Spectrums"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0415","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials","volume":"69","author":"Hofmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.59.1.12","article-title":"Clinical significance: a statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research","volume":"59","author":"Jacobson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions\u2019 of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.7.1091","article-title":"A\u00a0Norwegian psychiatric epidemiological study","volume":"158","author":"Kringlen","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000414022","article-title":"Social phobia","volume":"22","author":"Liebowitz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/10503300512331387834","article-title":"Who comes, who stays, who profits? Predicting refusal, dropout, success, and relapse in a short intervention for social phobia","volume":"15","author":"Lincoln","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychotherapy Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153538","article-title":"Computer-aided psychological treatments: evolving issues","volume":"5","author":"Marks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)10031-6","article-title":"Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety","volume":"36","author":"Mattick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.10129","article-title":"Self-administered treatments for depression: A review","volume":"59","author":"McKendree-Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00134-2","article-title":"Screening for social anxiety disorder in the clinical setting: using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale","volume":"16","author":"Mennin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382","article-title":"A\u00a0new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change","volume":"134","author":"Montgomery","year":"1979","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1463","article-title":"Using evidence-based Internet interventions to reduce health disparities worldwide","volume":"12","author":"Munoz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.10128","article-title":"Self-help and minimal-contact therapies for anxiety disorders: is human contact necessary for therapeutic efficacy?","volume":"59","author":"Newman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib52","article-title":"Use of self-help materials for anxiety and depression in mental health services: a national survey of psychologists in Norway","author":"Nordgreen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Professional Psychology: Research and Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.12.011","article-title":"Guided self-help via Internet for panic disorder: dissemination across countries","volume":"26","author":"Nordgreen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.4.521","article-title":"Barriers to the treatment of social anxiety","volume":"157","author":"Olfson","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.7.3.291","article-title":"Internet-delivered treatments with or without therapist input: does the therapist factor have implications for efficacy and cost?","volume":"7","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018679","article-title":"Meta-analysis of psychological assessment as a therapeutic intervention","volume":"22","author":"Poston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.028167","article-title":"Treatment of social phobia through pure self-help and therapist-augmented self-help","volume":"191","author":"Rapee","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib58","series-title":"Low intensity CBT interventions","first-page":"235","article-title":"Treatment credibility and satisfaction with Internet interventions","author":"Ritterband","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.06.003","article-title":"Cognitive and affective predictors of treatment outcome in cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"47","author":"Rizvi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.07.003","article-title":"Mind the gap: improving the dissemination of CBT","volume":"47","author":"Shafran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01480.x","article-title":"A\u00a0new self-rating scale for depression and\u00a0anxiety-states based on the comprehensive psychopathological rating-scale","volume":"89","author":"Svanborg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/08039480307281","article-title":"Self-assessment of DSM-IV criteria for major depression in psychiatric out- and inpatients","volume":"57","author":"Svanborg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670802512107","article-title":"Shyness 3: randomised controlled trial of guided versus unguided Internet-based CBT for social phobia","volume":"42","author":"Titov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670802534424","article-title":"Shyness programme: longer term benefits, cost-effectiveness, and acceptability","volume":"43","author":"Titov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708004224","article-title":"Barriers to the uptake of computerized cognitive\u00a0behavioural therapy: a systematic review of the quantitative and qualitative evidence","volume":"39","author":"Waller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"}],"container-title":["Behaviour Research and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005796711002452?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005796711002452?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]],"date-time":"2018-11-28T11:51:54Z","timestamp":1543405914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0005796711002452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0005796711002452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2011.10.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-7967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-7967","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}}}