{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T18:42:20Z","timestamp":1793990540102,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001840","name":"Icelandic Centre For Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001840","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behaviour Research and Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T16:25:42Z","timestamp":1613838342000},"page":"103832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Do daily mood fluctuations activate ruminative thoughts as a mental habit? Results from an ecological momentary assessment study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Kristj\u00e1n Helgi","family":"Hjartarson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivar","family":"Snorrason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura F.","family":"Bringmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjarni E.","family":"\u00d6gmundsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragnar P.","family":"\u00d3lafsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib1","series-title":"Handbook of depression","first-page":"268","article-title":"Cognitive vulnerability-stress models of depression in a self-regulatory and psychobiological context","author":"Abramson","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.004","article-title":"Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review","volume":"30","author":"Aldao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/08039480801962681","article-title":"The Beck Depression Inventory second edition (BDI-II): Psychometric properties in Icelandic student and patient populations","volume":"62","author":"Arnarson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702620949174","article-title":"Ruminative inertia and its Association with current severity and lifetime course of depression","volume":"8","author":"Bean","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib61","series-title":"Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2014.916252","article-title":"Emotional inertia contributes to depressive symptoms beyond perseverative thinking","volume":"29","author":"Brose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.07.006","article-title":"Rumination interacts with life stress to predict depressive symptoms: An ecological momentary assessment study","volume":"97","author":"Connolly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0555-0","article-title":"Complex affect dynamics add limited information to the prediction of psychological well-being","volume":"3","author":"Dejonckheere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib8","series-title":"Assessing schizophrenia in daily life: The experience sampling method","author":"Delespaul","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","article-title":"qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data","volume":"48","author":"Epskamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000031","article-title":"A two-factor model of relapse\/recurrence vulnerability in unipolar depression\u00df","volume":"124","author":"Farb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00158","article-title":"In what sense are positive and negative affect independent? A reply to Tellegen, Watson, and Clark","volume":"10","author":"Green","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.128","article-title":"Evidence for transdiagnostic repetitive negative thinking and its association with rumination, worry, and depression and anxiety symptoms: A commonality analysis","volume":"4","author":"Gustavson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Collabra. Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib66","series-title":"PSMG: Dynamic structural equation modeling of intensive longitudinal data using Mplus Version 8: Part 1","author":"Hamaker","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib67","series-title":"Dynamic structural equation modeling of intensive longitudinal data using Mplus Version 8","author":"Hamaker","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2018.1446819","article-title":"At the frontiers of modeling intensive longitudinal data: Dynamic structural equation models for the affective measurements from the COGITO study","volume":"53","author":"Hamaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.1.96","article-title":"Is depression best viewed as a continuum or discrete category? A taxometric analysis of childhood and adolescent depression in a population-based sample","volume":"114","author":"Hankin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib17","series-title":"Memory and emotion","first-page":"186","article-title":"Memory for emotional and non-emotional events in depression: A question of habit","author":"Hertel","year":"2004"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2013.820326","article-title":"Interpretive habit is strengthened by cognitive bias modification","volume":"22","author":"Hertel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Memory"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2043808720977168","article-title":"An experimental test of the habit-goal framework: Depressive rumination is associated with heightened habitual characteristics of negative thinking but not habit-directed behavior control","volume":"11","author":"Hjartarson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.01.007","article-title":"Between vulnerability and resilience: A network analysis of fluctuations in cognitive risk and protective factors following remission from depression","volume":"116","author":"Hoorelbeke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib21","series-title":"Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspective","first-page":"32","article-title":"Vulnerability-stress models","author":"Ingram","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-008-9191-0","article-title":"Effects of rumination and initial severity on remission to cognitive therapy for depression","volume":"32","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.08.005","article-title":"Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis","volume":"31","author":"Koster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2012.667392","article-title":"Getting stuck in depression: The roles of rumination and emotional inertia","volume":"26","author":"Koval","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12518","article-title":"The NIMH research domain criteria initiative: Background, issues, and pragmatics","volume":"53","author":"Kozak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610372634","article-title":"Emotional inertia and psychological maladjustment","volume":"21","author":"Kuppens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-017-9593-y","article-title":"Responses to positive affect in daily life: Positive rumination and dampening moderate the association between daily events and depressive symptoms","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib27","series-title":"Ruminative thoughts: Advances in social cognition","first-page":"1","article-title":"Some ruminative thoughts","author":"Martin","year":"1996"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000250","article-title":"A primer on two-level dynamic structural equation models for intensive longitudinal data in Mplus","volume":"25","author":"McNeish","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.06.004","article-title":"Ruminative self-focus, negative life events, and negative affect","volume":"46","author":"Moberly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib31","series-title":"The momentary ruminative self-focus inventory (MRSI): Validation and psychometric evaluation","author":"Mor","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib32","series-title":"Mplus User's guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20513","article-title":"Experience sampling methodology in mental health research: New insights and technical developments","volume":"17","author":"Myin-Germeys","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib34","series-title":"Oxford handbook of human action","first-page":"442","article-title":"Automaticity in situ and in the lab: The nature of habit in daily life","author":"Neal","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.1.115","article-title":"A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 loma Prieta Earthquake","volume":"61","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x","article-title":"Rethinking rumination","volume":"3","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib68","series-title":"9th World Congress of Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies (WCBCT), Berlin, Germany","article-title":"Measuring habits: Psychometric properties of the Habit Index of Negative Thinking (HINT) and Creature of Habit Scale (COHS) in an icelandic sample","author":"\u00d3lafsson","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.08.005","article-title":"A test of the habit-goal framework of depressive rumination and its relevance to cognitive reactivity","volume":"51","author":"\u00d3lafsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib38","series-title":"Mat \u00e1 pr\u00f3ffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum eiginleikum Ruminative Response Scale: Samanbur\u00f0ur \u00e1 \u00edslenskri og bandar\u00edsri \u00fatg\u00e1fu listans","author":"P\u00e1lsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib39","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2019","journal-title":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.2.350","article-title":"Response styles among patients with minor depression and dysthymia in primary care","volume":"111","author":"Schmaling","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000062","article-title":"How to compare cross-lagged associations in a multilevel autoregressive model","volume":"21","author":"Schuurman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib42","article-title":"The developmental origins of ruminative response style: An integrative review","volume":"101780","author":"Shaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment","volume":"4","author":"Shiffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002200","article-title":"Experience sampling methodology studies of depression: The state of the art","volume":"42","author":"Telford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000151","article-title":"Experience Sampler: An open-source scaffold for building smartphone apps for experience sampling","volume":"23","author":"Thai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023910315561","article-title":"Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis","volume":"27","author":"Treynor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib47","series-title":"Interpersonal behavior","author":"Triandis","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185510","article-title":"Ambulatory assessment","volume":"9","author":"Trull","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1348\/014466605X49122","article-title":"Beyond frequency: Habit as mental construct","volume":"45","author":"Verplanken","year":"2006","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.3.526","article-title":"Mental habits: Metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking","volume":"92","author":"Verplanken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.2.163","article-title":"Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought","volume":"134","author":"Watkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib52","series-title":"Rumination-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression","author":"Watkins","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00053-2","article-title":"Why do people ruminate in dysphoric moods?","volume":"30","author":"Watkins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035540","article-title":"A habit-goal framework of depressive rumination","volume":"123","author":"Watkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","article-title":"Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales","volume":"54","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.2.249","article-title":"Does changing behavioral intentions engender behaviour change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence","volume":"132","author":"Webb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.2011.02021.x","article-title":"The dynamic interplay between negative and positive emotions in daily life predicts response to treatment in depression: A momentary assessment study","volume":"51","author":"Wichers","year":"2012","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib58","series-title":"Risk factors in depression","article-title":"Ruminative response style","author":"Wisco","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.4.843","article-title":"A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface","volume":"114","author":"Wood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033417","article-title":"Psychology of habit","volume":"67","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"}],"container-title":["Behaviour Research and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005796721000310?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005796721000310?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T09:39:55Z","timestamp":1757756395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0005796721000310"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["S0005796721000310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-7967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-7967","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Do daily mood fluctuations activate ruminative thoughts as a mental habit? Results from an ecological momentary assessment study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103832","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103832"}}