{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T03:02:38Z","timestamp":1770778958249,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007891","name":"Ryerson University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007891","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behaviour Research and Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:53:00Z","timestamp":1632703980000},"page":"103973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Feeling safe: Judgements of safety and anxiety as a function of worry and intolerance of uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Justice","family":"Cupid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen E.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sumantry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Koerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib1","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2012.08.003","article-title":"Interpretive style and intolerance of uncertainty in individuals with anxiety disorders: A focus on generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"26","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00032-S","article-title":"\u201cIf I feel anxious, there must be danger\u201d: Ex- consequentia reasoning in inferring danger in anxiety disorders","volume":"33","author":"Arntz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using {lme4}","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib5","series-title":"Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders","author":"Beck","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib6","series-title":"Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective","author":"Beck","year":"1985"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(90)90027-G","article-title":"The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: A redominance of thought activity","volume":"28","author":"Borkovec","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(83)90121-3","article-title":"Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes","volume":"21","author":"Borkovec","year":"1983","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01723","article-title":"Revising the intolerance of uncertainty model of generalized Anxiety Disorder: Evidence from UK and Italian Undergraduate samples","volume":"7","author":"Bottesi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.04.012","article-title":"The default response to uncertainty and the importance of perceived safety in anxiety and stress: An evolution-theoretical perspective","volume":"41","author":"Brosschot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00092-4","article-title":"The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version","volume":"40","author":"Buhr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2004.12.004","article-title":"Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry","volume":"20","author":"Buhr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6402(83)90015-2","article-title":"Cognitive processes in anxiety","volume":"5","author":"Butler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.12.82","article-title":"The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: Theoretical and practical perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Carleton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review","volume":"30","author":"Cisler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20633","article-title":"What is an anxiety disorder?","volume":"26","author":"Craske","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib17","series-title":"Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment","article-title":"A mood-as-input account of perseverative worrying","author":"Davey","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2011.582138","article-title":"Psychometric comparison of the generalized anxiety disorder scale-7 and the Penn state worry questionnaire for measuring response during treatment of generalised anxiety disorder","volume":"40","author":"Dear","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)00151-H","article-title":"Structured versus free-recall measures: Effect on report of worry themes","volume":"18","author":"Dugas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021890322153","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and problem orientation in worry","volume":"21","author":"Dugas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(98)00013-9","article-title":"Worry themes in primary GAD, secondary GAD, and other anxiety disorders","volume":"12","author":"Dugas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00070-3","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model","volume":"36","author":"Dugas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.2.144","article-title":"Bias in interpretation of ambiguous sentences related to threat in anxiety","volume":"100","author":"Eysenck","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)90048-5","article-title":"Why do people worry?","volume":"17","author":"Freeston","year":"1994","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Di\ufb00erences"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000299","article-title":"Dynamically tracking anxious individuals' affective response to valenced information","volume":"17","author":"Fua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3524","article-title":"Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: An integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective","volume":"14","author":"Grupe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.11.001","article-title":"obsessive-compulsive disorder: Distrusting perception, attention and memory","volume":"46","author":"Hermans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00015-3","article-title":"Reality monitoring and metacognitive beliefs related to cognitive confidence in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"41","author":"Hermans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2012.06.007","article-title":"A cognitive model of pathological worry","volume":"50","author":"Hirsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/13284207.2010.502542","article-title":"A comparison of the 27-item and 12-item intolerance of uncertainty scales","volume":"14","author":"Khawaja","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Psychologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-007-9125-2","article-title":"An investigation of appraisals in individuals vulnerable to excessive worry: The role of intolerance of uncertainty","volume":"32","author":"Koerner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2016.1211172","article-title":"What's in a name? Intolerance of uncertainty, other uncertainty-relevant constructs, and their differential relations to worry and generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"46","author":"Koerner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702619851808","article-title":"Are different forms of repetitive negative thinking associated with interpretation bias in generalized anxiety disorder and depression?","volume":"7","author":"Krah\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"{lmerTest} package: Tests in linear mixed effects models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.10.007","article-title":"Classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Lissek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.10.017","article-title":"Impaired discriminative fear-conditioning resulting from elevated fear responding to learned safety cues among individuals with panic disorder","volume":"47","author":"Lissek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.98.1.31","article-title":"Interpretation of homophones related to threat in anxiety states","volume":"98","author":"Mathews","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.08.002","article-title":"Mood-as-input hypothesis and perseverative psychopathologies","volume":"31","author":"Meeten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(90)90135-6","article-title":"Development and validation of the Penn state worry questionnaire","volume":"28","author":"Meyer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00063-1","article-title":"A cognitive-motivation analysis of anxiety","volume":"36","author":"Mogg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behaviour Research And Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib41","series-title":"Wiley series in clinical psychology. Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment","first-page":"265","article-title":"The Penn state worry questionnaire: Psychometric properties and associated characteristics","author":"Molina","year":"1994"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty predicts fear extinction in amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortical circuitry","volume":"5","author":"Morriss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.05.001","article-title":"Nothing is safe: Intolerance of uncertainty is associated with compromised fear extinction learning","volume":"121","author":"Morriss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.03.004","article-title":"I feel safe when I know: Contingency instruction promotes threat extinction in high intolerance of uncertainty individuals","volume":"116","author":"Morriss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.012","article-title":"How many times do I need to see to believe? The impact of intolerance of uncertainty and exposure experience on safety-learning and retention in young adults","volume":"153","author":"Morriss","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology: Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.04.002","article-title":"Disentangling intolerance of uncertainty and threat appraisal in everyday situations","volume":"57","author":"Pepperdine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"{lavaan}: An {R} package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal Of Statistical Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib48","series-title":"Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment","first-page":"101","article-title":"The Penn state worry questionnaire (PSWQ)","author":"Startup","year":"2006"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(97)00232-8","article-title":"Reliability and validity of two widely-used worry questionnaires: Self-report and self-peer convergence","volume":"24","author":"St\u00f6ber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014565602111","article-title":"The cognitive content of naturally occurring worry episodes","volume":"26","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-020-10113-4","article-title":"The impact of intolerance of uncertainty and cognitive behavioural instructions on safety learning","volume":"44","author":"Wake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(94)90040-X","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder as an unsuccessful search for safety","volume":"14","author":"Woody","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"}],"container-title":["Behaviour Research and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005796721001728?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005796721001728?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T09:40:36Z","timestamp":1757756436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0005796721001728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0005796721001728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-7967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-7967","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Feeling safe: Judgements of safety and anxiety as a function of worry and intolerance of uncertainty","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103973","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103973"}}