{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T18:48:26Z","timestamp":1758048506182,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI1269\/2-1 389569971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI1269\/2-1 389569971"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behaviour Research and Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T10:47:55Z","timestamp":1697280475000},"page":"104417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Persistence of extensively trained avoidance is not elevated in anxiety disorders in an outcome devaluation paradigm"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"170","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7316-1652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina M.","family":"Gl\u00fcck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliane M.","family":"Boschet-Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Pittig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3787-9576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"Pittig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2b","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748108400816","article-title":"Instrumental responding following reinforcer devaluation","volume":"33","author":"Adams","year":"1981","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12158","article-title":"Subjective sleepiness is a sensitive indicator of insufficient sleep and impaired waking function","volume":"23","author":"Akerstedt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459008994241","article-title":"Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual","volume":"52","author":"Akerstedt","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094778","article-title":"Impairments in goal-directed actions predict treatment response to cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder","volume":"9","author":"Alvares","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1613","article-title":"Reduced goal-directed action control in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Alvares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autism Research\u202f: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research"},{"year":"2013","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.04.004","article-title":"Pathways towards the proliferation of avoidance in anxiety and implications for treatment","volume":"96","author":"Arnaudova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02735","article-title":"Hierarchical action control: Adaptive collaboration between actions and habits","volume":"10","author":"Balleine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","article-title":"Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal","volume":"68","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2012.03.007","article-title":"Attentional control deficits in trait anxiety: Why you see them and why you don't","volume":"92","author":"Berggren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9","article-title":"Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential","volume":"25","author":"Bradley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000159","article-title":"Linear mixed-effects models and the analysis of nonindependent data: A unified framework to analyze categorical and continuous independent variables that vary within-subjects and\/or within-items","volume":"23","author":"Brauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/bne0000439","article-title":"The role of goal-directed and habitual processes in food consumption under stress after outcome devaluation with taste aversion","volume":"137","author":"Buabang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"year":"2023","series-title":"Poor reliability and validity of habit effects in substance use and novel insights from a goal-directed perspective","author":"Buabang","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib14"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01","article-title":"brms: An R package for bayesian multilevel models using stan","volume":"80","author":"B\u00fcrkner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib16","article-title":"Anxiety disorders","volume":"3","author":"Craske","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13749","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518488112","article-title":"Of goals and habits","volume":"112","author":"Daw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"1135","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib18","first-page":"67","article-title":"Actions and habits: The development of behavioural autonomy","volume":"308","author":"Dickinson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.06.051","article-title":"Model-based decision making and model-free learning","volume":"30","author":"Drummond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Biology : CB"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.06.010","article-title":"Implications of the lacking relationship between cognitive task and self-report measures for psychiatry","volume":"6","author":"Enkavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033457","article-title":"Drug addiction: Updating actions to habits to compulsions ten years on","volume":"67","author":"Everitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939208409696","article-title":"Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory","volume":"6","author":"Eysenck","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.2.336","article-title":"Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory","volume":"7","author":"Eysenck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1037\/h0035605","article-title":"A functional analysis of depression","volume":"28","author":"Ferster","year":"1973","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.02.008","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty as a vulnerability factor for excessive and inflexible avoidance behavior","volume":"104","author":"Flores","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"year":"2019","series-title":"An R companion to applied regression","author":"Fox","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib25"},{"year":"2006","series-title":"Data analysis using regression and multilevel\/hierarchical models. EBL-schweitzer","author":"Gelman","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib26"},{"year":"2022","series-title":"arm: Data analysis using regression and multilevel\/hierarchical models","author":"Gelman","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib27"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14040525","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging of avoidance habits in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"172","author":"Gillan","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.11305","article-title":"Characterizing a psychiatric symptom dimension related to deficits in goal-directed control","volume":"5","author":"Gillan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.02.002","article-title":"Enhanced avoidance habits in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"75","author":"Gillan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10071062","article-title":"Disruption in the balance between goal-directed behavior and habit learning in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"168","author":"Gillan","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720000203","article-title":"Experimentally induced and real-world anxiety have no demonstrable effect on goal-directed behaviour","volume":"51","author":"Gillan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103964","article-title":"Costly habitual avoidance is reduced by concurrent goal-directed approach in a modified devaluation paradigm","volume":"146","author":"Gl\u00fcck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"year":"2019","series-title":"PROMIS anxiety scoring manual","author":"HealthMeasures","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib33"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-017-9876-3","article-title":"Social anxiety disorder as a densely interconnected network of fear and avoidance for social situations","volume":"42","author":"Heeren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"year":"2021","series-title":"arsenal: An Arsenal of 'R' Functions for large-scale statistical summaries. R package version 3.6.3 [computer software]. Ethan heinzen, jason sinnwell, elizabeth atkinson, Tina gunderson and gregory dougherty","author":"Heinzen","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib35"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.03.004","article-title":"Rethinking avoidance: Toward a balanced approach to avoidance in treating anxiety disorders","volume":"55","author":"Hofmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib37","article-title":"Reasons to Remain Critical About the Literature on Habits: A Commentary on Wood et al","author":"Houwer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1037\/mot0000065","article-title":"Kicking the habit: Why evidence for habits in humans might be overestimated","volume":"4","author":"de Houwer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Motivation Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib39","series-title":"ProQuest ebook central","article-title":"Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications","author":"Hox","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2021.1935217","article-title":"The malfunction of domain-specific attentional process in social anxiety: Attentional process of social and non-social stimuli","volume":"35","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852913000710","article-title":"Test-retest reliability and sensitivity to change of the dimensional anxiety scales for DSM-5","volume":"19","author":"Knappe","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Spectrums"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.5127\/jep.057316","article-title":"A primer on bayesian analysis for experimental psychopathologists","volume":"8","author":"Krypotos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00189","article-title":"Avoidance learning: A review of theoretical models and recent developments","volume":"9","author":"Krypotos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.10.011","article-title":"The validity of human avoidance paradigms","volume":"111","author":"Krypotos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1369","article-title":"A dimensional approach to measuring anxiety for DSM-5","volume":"21","author":"LeBeau","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.22","article-title":"Surviving threats: Neural circuit and computational implications of a new taxonomy of defensive behaviour","volume":"19","author":"LeDoux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.166","article-title":"The birth, death, and resurrection of avoidance: A reconceptualization of a troubled paradigm","volume":"22","author":"LeDoux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"year":"2023","series-title":"emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means","author":"Lenth","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib48"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","article-title":"The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories","volume":"33","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.04.013","article-title":"Safety behaviours preserve threat beliefs: Protection from extinction of human fear conditioning by an avoidance response","volume":"47","author":"Lovibond","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12135","article-title":"Instructed extinction in human fear conditioning: History, recent developments, and future directions","volume":"68","author":"Luck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"60","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03139","article-title":"performance: An R package for assessment, comparison and testing of statistical models","volume":"6","author":"L\u00fcdecke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"year":"2017","series-title":"Mini-DIPS Open Access: Diagnostisches Kurzinterview bei psychischen St\u00f6rungen","author":"Margraf","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib53"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2020.104092","article-title":"Best practice guidance for linear mixed-effects models in psychological science","volume":"112","author":"Meteyard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.01.002","article-title":"Behavioral avoidance mediates the relationship between anxiety and depressive symptoms among social anxiety disorder patients","volume":"22","author":"Moitra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073916669595","article-title":"The power of goal-directed processes in the causation of emotional and other actions","volume":"9","author":"Moors","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000051","article-title":"Anxiety and working memory capacity: A meta-analysis and narrative review","volume":"142","author":"Moran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-015-0019-z","article-title":"Die Depressions-Angst-Stress-Skalen: Der DASS - Ein Screeningverfahren nicht nur f\u00fcr Schmerzpatienten [Depression, anxiety and stress scales: DASS - A screening procedure not only for pain patients]","volume":"29","author":"Nilges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schmerz"},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20941","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1312011110","article-title":"Working-memory capacity protects model-based learning from stress","volume":"110","author":"Otto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01876","article-title":"Enhanced avoidance habits in relation to history of early-life stress","volume":"10","author":"Patterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.03.013","article-title":"Navigating the affordance landscape: Feedback control as a process model of behavior and cognition","volume":"20","author":"Pezzulo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191111411667","article-title":"Item banks for measuring emotional distress from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS\u00ae): Depression, anxiety, and anger","volume":"18","author":"Pilkonis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.103463","article-title":"Incentive-based extinction of safety behaviors: Positive outcomes competing with aversive outcomes trigger fear-opposite action to prevent protection from fear extinction","author":"Pittig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23119","article-title":"Elevated costly avoidance in anxiety disorders: Patients show little downregulation of acquired avoidance in face of competing rewards for approach","volume":"38","author":"Pittig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103797","article-title":"Incentive-based, instructed, and social observational extinction of avoidance: Fear-opposite actions and their influence on fear extinction","volume":"137","author":"Pittig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20438087221136424","article-title":"Reducing the return of avoidance and fear by directly targeting avoidance: Comparing incentive-based and instructed extinction of avoidance to passive fear extinction","volume":"13","author":"Pittig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103550","article-title":"Avoidance and its bi-directional relationship with conditioned fear: Mechanisms, moderators, and clinical implications","volume":"126","author":"Pittig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib96","series-title":"Kompendium Schlafmedizin f\u00fcr Ausbildung, Klinik und Praxis","article-title":"Karolinska Schl\u00e4frigkeits-Skala (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale)","author":"Popp","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-011-0053-5","article-title":"Reaction time distribution analysis of spatial correspondence effects","volume":"18","author":"Proctor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2019.01.010","article-title":"Stress-induced impairment in goal-directed instrumental behaviour is moderated by baseline working memory","volume":"158","author":"Quaedflieg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"year":"2022","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib69"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.12-06-420","article-title":"The diffusion decision model: Theory and data for two-choice decision tasks","volume":"20","author":"Ratcliff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01981-3","article-title":"Threat reversal learning and avoidance habits in generalised anxiety disorder","volume":"12","author":"Roberts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20645","article-title":"Health anxiety and fear of fear in panic disorder and agoraphobia vs. Social phobia: A prospective longitudinal study","volume":"27","author":"Rudaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2019.104038","article-title":"How to capitalize on a priori contrasts in linear (mixed) models: A tutorial","volume":"110","author":"Schad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7191","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0979-09.2009","article-title":"Stress prompts habit behavior in humans","volume":"29","author":"Schwabe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.02.018","article-title":"The relationship between anxiety and risk taking is moderated by ambiguity","volume":"95","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-011-9364-0","article-title":"Approach and avoidance profiles distinguish dimensions of anxiety and depression","volume":"35","author":"Spielberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22760","article-title":"The predictive value of Approach and Avoidance tendencies on the onset and course of depression and anxiety disorders","author":"Struijs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety. Advance online publication"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2017.08.005","article-title":"Safety behavior after extinction triggers a return of threat expectancy","volume":"49","author":"van Uijen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4019","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0564-07.2007","article-title":"Determining the neural substrates of goal-directed learning in the human brain","volume":"27","author":"Valentin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.06.029","article-title":"Defining the place of habit in substance use disorders","volume":"87","author":"Vandaele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00351","article-title":"Low-cost avoidance behaviors are resistant to fear extinction in humans","volume":"9","author":"Vervliet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.44","article-title":"Disorders of compulsivity: A common bias towards learning habits","volume":"20","author":"Voon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib84","first-page":"236","article-title":"Das Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS\u00ae): \u00dcbersetzung der Item-Banken f\u00fcr Depressivit\u00e4t und Angst ins Deutsche","volume":"4","author":"Wahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Klinische Diagnostik Und Evaluation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103967","article-title":"The effect of social anxiety on the acquisition and extinction of low-cost avoidance","volume":"146","author":"Wake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13625","article-title":"State anxiety reduces working memory capacity but does not impact filtering cost for neutral distracters","volume":"57","author":"Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104869","article-title":"Making habits measurable beyond what they are not: A focus on associative dual-process models","volume":"142","author":"Watson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0065-1591.2000.acp29-03.x","article-title":"Why do people with anxiety disorders become depressed? A prospective-longitudinal community study","volume":"102","author":"Wittchen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000739","article-title":"Breakfast or bakery? The role of categorical ambiguity in overgeneralization of learned fear in trait anxiety","volume":"21","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691621994226","article-title":"Habits and goals in human behavior: Separate but interacting systems","volume":"17","author":"Wood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science"},{"year":"2013","series-title":"Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","author":"World Medical Association","key":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417_bib91"}],"container-title":["Behaviour Research and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005796723001651?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0005796723001651?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T09:45:44Z","timestamp":1757756744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0005796723001651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":95,"alternative-id":["S0005796723001651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-7967"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0005-7967"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Persistence of extensively trained avoidance is not elevated in anxiety disorders in an outcome devaluation paradigm","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Behaviour Research and Therapy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104417","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104417"}}