{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T03:06:40Z","timestamp":1793761600472,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brainstimjrnl.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,16]],"date-time":"2014-07-16T17:21:07Z","timestamp":1405531267000},"page":"871-877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":513,"title":["Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Healthy Humans Reduces Sympathetic Nerve Activity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Clancy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Mary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus K.","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan A.","family":"Deuchars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4445-654X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jim","family":"Deuchars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01940.x","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation for refractory epilepsy in children: more to VNS than seizure frequency reduction","volume":"50","author":"Shahwan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2007.10.071","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy and depression","volume":"5","author":"Milby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq391","article-title":"Chronic vagus nerve stimulation: a new and promising therapeutic approach for chronic heart failure","volume":"32","author":"De Ferrari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.06.008","article-title":"Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine induction in patients with refractory epilepsy","volume":"214","author":"De Herdt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0801","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation in patients with Alzheimer's disease: additional follow-up results of a pilot study through 1 year","volume":"67","author":"Merrill","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.06.008","article-title":"Chronic vagus nerve stimulation decreased weight gain, food consumption and sweet craving in adult obese minipigs","volume":"55","author":"Val-Laillet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.8.1167","article-title":"Left vagus nerve stimulation suppresses experimentally induced pain","volume":"55","author":"Kirchner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7332","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09656","article-title":"Reversing pathological neural activity using targeted plasticity","volume":"470","author":"Engineer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2 Suppl. Operative","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib9","first-page":"489","article-title":"Operative and technical complications of vagus nerve stimulator implantation","volume":"67","author":"Spuck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.017","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation in 436 consecutive patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: long-term outcomes and predictors of response","volume":"20","author":"Elliott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.1089","article-title":"The nerve supply of the human auricle","volume":"15","author":"Peuker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib12","first-page":"551","article-title":"Effects of electrostimulation of the vagus afferent endings in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"8","author":"Zamotrinsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Coron Artery Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(01)00227-2","article-title":"Vagal neurostimulation in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"88","author":"Zamotrinsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03492.x","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (t-VNS) in pharmacoresistant epilepsies: a proof of concept trial","volume":"53","author":"Stefan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01385.x","article-title":"Evoked pain analgesia in chronic pelvic pain patients using respiratory-gated auricular vagal afferent nerve stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Napadow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2008.07.016","article-title":"Long term vagal stimulation in patients with advanced heart failure first experience in man","volume":"10","author":"Schwartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31823ac046","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142012 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"125","author":"Members","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31820a55f5","article-title":"Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"123","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-010-9190-6","article-title":"Evidence for impaired vagus nerve activity in heart failure","volume":"16","author":"Bibevski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-010-9174-6","article-title":"Methods of assessing vagus nerve activity and reflexes","volume":"16","author":"Chapleau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"issue":"4504","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6166045","article-title":"Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control","volume":"213","author":"Akselrod","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043","article-title":"Heart rate variability : standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use","volume":"93","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2004.06.016","article-title":"Heart rate variability: from bench to bedside","volume":"16","author":"Malliani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020482","article-title":"The discharge behaviour of single vasoconstrictor motoneurones in human muscle nerves","volume":"481","author":"Macefield","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.12.1305","article-title":"Single-unit sympathetic discharge","volume":"100","author":"Greenwood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.08.005","article-title":"Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the motor cortex increases sympathetic nerve activity","volume":"7","author":"Clancy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.29.4.1039","article-title":"Incremental bias in Finapres estimation of baseline blood pressure levels over time","volume":"29","author":"Ristuccia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)90795-8","article-title":"Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"59","author":"Kleiger","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.15.1510","article-title":"Prospective study of heart rate variability and mortality in chronic heart failure : results of the United Kingdom Heart Failure Evaluation and Assessment of Risk Trial (UK-Heart)","volume":"98","author":"Nolan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043012","article-title":"Heart-rate profile during exercise as a predictor of sudden death","volume":"352","author":"Jouven","year":"2005","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.4065\/84.9.822","article-title":"Sympathetic neural mechanisms in human cardiovascular health and disease","volume":"84","author":"Charkoudian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00961.2011","article-title":"(In)activity-dependent alterations in resting and reflex control of splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity","volume":"111","author":"Mischel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.05.015","article-title":"The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure: physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications","volume":"54","author":"Triposkiadis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(99)00090-9","article-title":"Effect of sensory stimulation (acupuncture) on sympathetic and parasympathetic activities in healthy subjects","volume":"79","author":"Haker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Auton Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20090264","article-title":"Effects of auricular electrical stimulation on vagal activity in healthy men: evidence from a three-armed randomized trial","volume":"118","author":"La Marca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.04.006","article-title":"The effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on pain perception \u2013 an experimental study","volume":"6","author":"Busch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-003-0087-6","article-title":"Far field potentials from the brain stem after transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"110","author":"Fallgatter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neural Transm"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0282-1","article-title":"Far field potentials from brain stem after transcutaneous Vagus nerve stimulation: optimization of stimulation and recording parameters","volume":"116","author":"Polak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neural Transm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0755-z","article-title":"BOLD fMRI deactivation of limbic and temporal brain structures and mood enhancing effect by transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"114","author":"Kraus","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neural Transm"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib40","first-page":"349","article-title":"The composition and central projections of the internal auriculae nerves of the dog","volume":"189","author":"Chien","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anat"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90756-X","article-title":"Central distribution of primary afferent fibers in the Arnold's nerve (the auricular branch of the vagus nerve): a transganglionic HRP study in the cat","volume":"292","author":"Nomura","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-14-85","article-title":"The auriculo-vagal afferent pathway and its role in seizure suppression in rats","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02425070","article-title":"Anatomic basis of Arnold's ear-cough reflex","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"1986","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215107000758","article-title":"Auricular syncope","volume":"122","author":"Thaker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2003.03097.x","article-title":"Facial pain as the presenting symptom of lung carcinoma with normal chest radiograph","volume":"43","author":"Abraham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00458.x","article-title":"Lung Cancer presenting with unilateral facial pain: remission after laryngeal nerve palsy","volume":"46","author":"Palmieri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"8589","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91668-6","article-title":"Unilateral facial pain in patients with lung cancer: a referred pain via the vagus?","volume":"331","author":"Bindoff","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6715","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6715.1569-a","article-title":"Ear pain referred by the vagus","volume":"299","author":"Blau","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s12245-010-0222-8","article-title":"Myocardial infarction with unusual presentation of otalgia: a case report","volume":"3","author":"Amirhaeri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"810","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.69.810.300","article-title":"Angina and mycardial infarction presenting with pain confined to the ear","volume":"69","author":"Rothwell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/bdj.2008.101","article-title":"Vagus nerve pain referred to the craniofacial region. A case report and literature review with implications for referred cardiac pain","volume":"204","author":"Myers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1902","article-title":"The sympathetic control of blood pressure","volume":"7","author":"Guyenet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903270408","article-title":"Localization of cardiac vagal preganglionic motoneurones in the rat: Immunocytochemical evidence of synaptic inputs containing 5-hydroxytryptamine","volume":"327","author":"Izzo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Comp Neurol"}],"container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X14002605?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X14002605?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T18:18:14Z","timestamp":1565633894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1935861X14002605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935861X14002605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-861X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Healthy Humans Reduces Sympathetic Nerve Activity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Stimulation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}