{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:27:25Z","timestamp":1792783645502,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524787200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":361,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC010433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC010433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R44DC010084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44DC010084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center","award":["HR0011-15-2-0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR0011-15-2-0017"]}]},{"name":"Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center","award":["N66001-15-2-4057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N66001-15-2-4057"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brainstimjrnl.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]],"date-time":"2017-01-11T16:00:24Z","timestamp":1484150424000},"page":"543-552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Temporal plasticity in auditory cortex improves neural discrimination of speech sounds"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2188-2335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crystal T.","family":"Engineer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jai A.","family":"Shetake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navzer D.","family":"Engineer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will A.","family":"Vrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan T.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Kilgard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13367","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.201400998","article-title":"Speech comprehension is correlated with temporal response patterns recorded from auditory cortex","volume":"98","author":"Ahissar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U. S. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200503150-00005","article-title":"Magnetoencephalography identifies rapid temporal processing deficit in autism and language impairment","volume":"16","author":"Oram Cardy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5245.77","article-title":"Temporal processing deficits of language-learning impaired children ameliorated by training","volume":"271","author":"Merzenich","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(80)90139-X","article-title":"Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children","volume":"9","author":"Tallal","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.11.012","article-title":"Fundamental deficits of auditory perception in Wernicke's aphasia","volume":"49","author":"Robson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.03.003","article-title":"The effects of cortical ischemic stroke on auditory processing in humans as indexed by transient brain responses","volume":"121","author":"Talvitie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1293","article-title":"Temporal plasticity in the primary auditory cortex induced by operant perceptual learning","volume":"7","author":"Bao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2239","article-title":"Developmentally degraded cortical temporal processing restored by training","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00731.2010","article-title":"Behavioral training enhances cortical temporal processing in neonatally deafened juvenile cats","volume":"106","author":"Beitel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00565.2011","article-title":"Behavioral training restores temporal processing in auditory cortex of long-deaf cats","volume":"106","author":"Vollmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu258","article-title":"Perceptual training restores impaired cortical temporal processing due to lead exposure","volume":"26","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.10.011","article-title":"Early auditory middle latency evoked potentials correlates with recovery from aphasia after stroke","volume":"120","author":"Rojas Sosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0112","article-title":"Event-related potentials indicate bi-hemispherical changes in speech sound processing during aphasia rehabilitation","volume":"39","author":"Becker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib14","first-page":"49","article-title":"The role of temporal processing in developmental language-based learning disorders: research and clinical implications","author":"Tallal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Found Read Acquis dyslexia Implic early Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/007)","article-title":"The efficacy of Fast ForWord Language intervention in school-age children with language impairment: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Gillam","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5357.1714","article-title":"Cortical map reorganization enabled by nucleus basalis activity","volume":"279","author":"Kilgard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sci (80- )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09656","article-title":"Reversing pathological neural activity using targeted plasticity","volume":"470","author":"Engineer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.08.018","article-title":"Cortical map plasticity as a function of vagus nerve stimulation intensity","volume":"9","author":"Borland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.10.026","article-title":"Pairing tone trains with vagus nerve stimulation induces temporal plasticity in auditory cortex","volume":"233","author":"Shetake","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.408","article-title":"Pairing speech sounds with vagus nerve stimulation drives stimulus-specific cortical plasticity","volume":"8","author":"Engineer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr316","article-title":"Repeatedly pairing vagus nerve stimulation with a movement reorganizes primary motor cortex","volume":"22","author":"Porter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000154","article-title":"The timing and amount of vagus nerve stimulation during rehabilitative training affect poststroke recovery of forelimb strength","volume":"25","author":"Hays","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314521006","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation delivered during motor rehabilitation improves recovery in a rat model of stroke","volume":"28","author":"Khodaparast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/3729","article-title":"Plasticity of temporal information processing in the primary auditory cortex","volume":"1","author":"Kilgard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2109","article-title":"Cortical activity patterns predict speech discrimination ability","volume":"11","author":"Engineer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4895","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4202-15.2016","article-title":"Knockdown of dyslexia-gene Dcdc2 interferes with speech sound discrimination in continuous streams","volume":"36","author":"Centanni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs045","article-title":"Different timescales for the neural coding of consonant and vowel sounds","volume":"23","author":"Perez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07887.x","article-title":"Cortical activity patterns predict robust speech discrimination ability in noise","volume":"34","author":"Shetake","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib29","first-page":"1303","article-title":"Speech representation and transformation using adaptive interpolation of weighted spectrum: vocoder revisited","volume":"2","author":"Kawahara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc ICASSP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077356","article-title":"Auditory sensitivity of the albino rat","volume":"91","author":"Kelly","year":"1977","journal-title":"J\u00a0Comp Physiol Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib31","first-page":"539","article-title":"Across-language perspective on speech information rate","volume":"87","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lang Balt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/002383096100400305","article-title":"The significance of changes in the rate of articulation","volume":"4","author":"Goldman-Eisler","year":"1961","journal-title":"Lang Speech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3459842","article-title":"Between-speaker and within-speaker variation in speech tempo of American English","volume":"128","author":"Jacewicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01298.2006","article-title":"Multiparametric auditory receptive field organization across five cortical fields in the albino rat","volume":"97","author":"Polley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00092.2013","article-title":"Cortical speech-evoked response patterns in multiple auditory fields are correlated with behavioral discrimination ability","volume":"110","author":"Centanni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.12.011","article-title":"PSTH-based classification of sensory stimuli using ensembles of single neurons","volume":"135","author":"Foffani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010477","article-title":"Safety, feasibility, and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation paired with upper-limb rehabilitation after ischemic stroke","volume":"47","author":"Dawson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/026870300401243","article-title":"Relationships among the mismatch negativity (MMN) response, auditory comprehension, and site of lesion in aphasic adults","volume":"14","author":"Auther","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.11.008","article-title":"Auditory processing in autism spectrum disorder: a review","volume":"36","author":"O'Connor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb22957.x","article-title":"Neurobiological basis of speech: a case for the preeminence of temporal processing","volume":"682","author":"Tallal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann N. Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/241468a0","article-title":"Defects of non-verbal auditory perception in children with developmental aphasia","volume":"241","author":"Tallal","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7686","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5242-08.2009","article-title":"Abnormal cortical processing of the syllable rate of speech in poor readers","volume":"29","author":"Abrams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4004.939","article-title":"Scalp potentials evoked by amplitude-modulated tones in dyslexia","volume":"40","author":"McAnally","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6483","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.11.6483","article-title":"Cortical auditory signal processing in poor readers","volume":"96","author":"Nagarajan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U. S. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4205-12.2013","article-title":"Unstable representation of sound: a biological marker of dyslexia","volume":"33","author":"Hornickel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht028","article-title":"Knockdown of the dyslexia-associated gene Kiaa0319 impairs temporal responses to speech stimuli in rat primary auditory cortex","volume":"24","author":"Centanni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5245.81","article-title":"Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech","volume":"271","author":"Tallal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sci (80- )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-6-60","article-title":"Biological changes in auditory function following training in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"6","author":"Russo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-1857-6","article-title":"Learning impaired children exhibit timing deficits and training-related improvements in auditory cortical responses to speech in noise","volume":"157","author":"Warrier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.08.019","article-title":"Degraded neural and behavioral processing of speech sounds in a rat model of Rett syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Engineer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22175","article-title":"Degraded auditory processing in a rat model of autism limits the speech representation in non-primary auditory cortex","volume":"74","author":"Engineer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00137","article-title":"Speech sound discrimination training improves auditory cortex responses in a rat model of autism","volume":"8","author":"Engineer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12127","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones for the treatment of tinnitus: a case series","volume":"17","author":"De Ridder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000704","article-title":"Placebo-controlled vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones in a patient with refractory tinnitus: a case report","volume":"36","author":"De Ridder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006654","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation during rehabilitative training improves functional recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"45","author":"Hays","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.08.002","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation during rehabilitative training improves forelimb strength following ischemic stroke","volume":"60","author":"Khodaparast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489709113426","article-title":"Sound-induced activation of auditory cortices in cochlear implant users with post- and prelingual deafness demonstrated by positron emission tomography","volume":"117","author":"Naito","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-200212000-00004","article-title":"A\u00a0sensitive period for the development of the central auditory system in children with cochlear implants: implications for age of implantation","volume":"23","author":"Sharma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib59","first-page":"226","article-title":"Auditory evoked potentials in Rett syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Stach","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Audiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/3729","article-title":"Plasticity of temporal information processing in the primary auditory cortex","volume":"1","author":"Kilgard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1159\/000046832","article-title":"Spectral features control temporal plasticity in auditory cortex","volume":"6","author":"Kilgard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Audiol Neurootol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-2098-4","article-title":"Background sounds contribute to spectrotemporal plasticity in primary auditory cortex","volume":"162","author":"Moucha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428217","article-title":"Training American listeners to perceive Mandarin tones","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903770007407","article-title":"fMRI evidence for cortical modification during learning of Mandarin lexical tone","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(01)00272-6","article-title":"Auditory cortical neuron response differences under isoflurane versus pentobarbital anesthesia","volume":"156","author":"Cheung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.11.043","article-title":"Anesthesia suppresses nonsynchronous responses to repetitive broadband stimuli","volume":"145","author":"Rennaker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X17300074?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X17300074?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T14:09:22Z","timestamp":1761833362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1935861X17300074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935861X17300074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-861X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Temporal plasticity in auditory cortex improves neural discrimination of speech sounds","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Stimulation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}