{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:58:44Z","timestamp":1791824324253,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brainstimjrnl.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T11:30:22Z","timestamp":1565004622000},"page":"69-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Adaptive current tDCS up to 4\u202fmA"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4930-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niranjan","family":"Khadka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhaskar","family":"Paneri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trynia","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Electra","family":"Nassis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adantchede L.","family":"Zannou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yungjae","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeongseob","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seonghoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiwon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marom","family":"Bikson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.012","article-title":"A\u00a0technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools","volume":"127","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.03.002","article-title":"Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): challenges and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Brunoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib4","series-title":"Transcranial Direct current stimulation studies open database (tDCS-OD)","author":"Grossman","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.10.011","article-title":"International randomized-controlled trial of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in depression","volume":"11","author":"Loo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0514-z","article-title":"Long term at-home treatment with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improves symptoms of cerebellar ataxia: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Pilloni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0NeuroEng Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib7","first-page":"239","article-title":"Once- to twice-daily, 3-year domiciliary maintenance transcranial direct current stimulation for severe, disabling, clozapine-refractory continuous auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia","volume":"29","author":"Andrade","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.04.016","article-title":"Titrating the neuroplastic effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex","volume":"119","author":"Mosayebi Samani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00071","article-title":"Notes on human trials of transcranial direct current stimulation between 1960 and 1998","volume":"11","author":"Esmaeilpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.04.022","article-title":"Tolerability and blinding of 4x1 high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) at two and three milliamps","volume":"11","author":"Reckow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.06.005","article-title":"Effects of single versus dual-site High-Definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on cortical reactivity and working memory performance in healthy subjects","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.02.007","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of transcranial direct current stimulation to stroke patients - A phase I current escalation study","volume":"10","author":"Chhatbar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.03.002","article-title":"Extending the parameter range for tDCS: safety and tolerability of 4 mA stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Nitsche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.03.006","article-title":"Evidence of transcranial direct current stimulation-generated electric fields at subthalamic level in human brain in\u00a0vivo","volume":"11","author":"Chhatbar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.220","article-title":"Proceedings #51: 4 mA adaptive transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: early demonstration of feasibility with a 20-session course","volume":"12","author":"Trapp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul: Basic Transl Clin Res Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.08.004","article-title":"How to consider animal data in tDCS safety standards","volume":"10","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.06.004","article-title":"Safety of transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence based update 2016","volume":"9","author":"Bikson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.07.049","article-title":"Dry tDCS: tolerability of a novel multilayer hydrogel composite non-adhesive electrode for transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Khadka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib19","series-title":"Practical guide to transcranial Direct current stimulation: principles, procedures and applications","first-page":"263","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation electrodes","author":"Khadka","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.07.028","article-title":"Methods for extra-low voltage transcranial direct current stimulation: current and time dependent impedance decreases","volume":"124","author":"Hahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib21","first-page":"137","article-title":"Physics of transcranial direct current stimulation devices and their history","volume":"34","author":"Truong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0ECT"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07233-7","article-title":"Immediate neurophysiological effects of transcranial electrical stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.08.016","article-title":"Animal models of transcranial direct current stimulation: methods and mechanisms","volume":"127","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.020","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation facilitates associative learning and alters functional connectivity in the primate brain","volume":"27","author":"Krause","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.092429","article-title":"Modulating parameters of excitability during and after transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"568","author":"Nitsche","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02928-3","article-title":"Direct effects of transcranial electric stimulation on brain circuits in rats and humans","volume":"9","author":"V\u00f6r\u00f6slakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.04.044","article-title":"Tolerability of up to 4 mA tDCS using adaptive stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Borges","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.116","article-title":"Abstract #109: tolerability of an Adaptive-tDCS upto 4 mA using subject assessment and machine-learning to optimize dose","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib29","article-title":"Automatic M1-SO montage headgear for transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) suitable for home and high-throughput in-clinic applications","author":"Knotkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2010.05.002","article-title":"Reducing procedural pain and discomfort associated with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"4","author":"McFadden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14497","article-title":"The time course of ineffective sham-blinding during low-intensity (1 mA) transcranial direct current stimulation","author":"Greinacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00285.2017","article-title":"tDCS over the motor cortex improves lexical retrieval of action words in poststroke aphasia","volume":"119","author":"Branscheidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.02.007","article-title":"Differences in the experience of active and sham transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"5","author":"Kessler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001","article-title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines","volume":"128","author":"Antal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.03.015","article-title":"What do you feel if I apply transcranial electric stimulation? Safety, sensations and secondary induced effects","volume":"126","author":"Fertonani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.05.004","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review on the acceptability and tolerability of transcranial direct current stimulation treatment in neuropsychiatry trials","volume":"9","author":"Apar\u00edcio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.06.021","article-title":"Safety and acceptability of transcranial direct current stimulation for the acute treatment of major depressive episodes: analysis of individual patient data","volume":"221","author":"Moffa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.977","article-title":"Sham tDCS: a hidden source of variability? Reflections for further blinded, controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Fonteneau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.01.005","article-title":"Evaluation of sham transcranial direct current stimulation for randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials","volume":"6","author":"Palm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12527","article-title":"The influence of skin redness on blinding in transcranial direct current stimulation studies: a crossover trial","volume":"20","author":"Ezquerro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technol Neural Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib41","series-title":"The time course of ineffective sham blinding during 1mA tDCS","first-page":"462424","author":"Greinacher","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14403","article-title":"Blinding is compromised for transcranial direct current stimulation at 1 mA for 20 min in young healthy adults","author":"Turi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.03.010","article-title":"The clinical TMS society consensus review and treatment recommendations for TMS therapy for major depressive disorder","volume":"9","author":"Perera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-015-0039-5","article-title":"Transcutaneous supraorbital nerve stimulation (t-SNS) with the Cefaly\u00ae device for migraine prevention: a review of the available data","volume":"4","author":"Riederer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.002","article-title":"Incomplete evidence that increasing current intensity of tDCS boosts outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Esmaeilpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.10.004","article-title":"Methods for specific electrode resistance measurement during transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"8","author":"Khadka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027_bib47","article-title":"Principles of within electrode current steering","volume":"9","author":"Khadka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Dev"}],"container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X19303420?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X19303420?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T14:16:12Z","timestamp":1761833772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1935861X19303420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935861X19303420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-861X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adaptive current tDCS up to 4\u202fmA","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Stimulation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}