{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:42:32Z","timestamp":1791394952157,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brainstimjrnl.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T02:21:53Z","timestamp":1566440513000},"page":"15-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Combination of lithium and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is associated with higher odds of delirium and cognitive problems in a large national sample across the United States"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rikinkumar S.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Bachu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1922-9396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagy A.","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116636545","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology","volume":"30","author":"Goodwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12609","article-title":"Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) and international society for bipolar disorders (ISBD) 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"20","author":"Yatham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2006.00333.x","article-title":"ECT in therapy-resistant mania: does it have a place?","volume":"8","author":"Fink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1177\/104012371402600407","article-title":"Relapse prevention after index electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression","volume":"26","author":"Youssef","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16010118","article-title":"A\u00a0novel strategy for continuation ECT in geriatric depression: phase 2 of the PRIDE study","volume":"173","author":"Kellner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200216040-00003","article-title":"Interactions between psychotropics, anaesthetics and electroconvulsive therapy: implications for drug choice and patient management","volume":"16","author":"Naguib","year":"2002","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.11.1452","article-title":"Prolonged confusional state and EEG seizure activity following concurrent ECT and lithium use","volume":"137","author":"Weiner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib8","series-title":"The practice of electroconvulsive therapy: recommendations for treatment, training, and privileging. A task force report of the American Psychiatric Association","year":"2001"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.01.011","article-title":"Delirium during the course of electroconvulsive therapy in a patient on lithium carbonate treatment","volume":"35","author":"Sadananda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20130605-02","article-title":"Lithium and electroconvulsive therapy: a case report","volume":"43","author":"Sabagh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib11","first-page":"103","article-title":"Complications with electroconvulsive treatment combined with lithium","volume":"15","author":"Small","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib12","first-page":"165","article-title":"The safety of electroconvulsive therapy and lithium in combination: a case series and review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Dolenc","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.151.3.419","article-title":"Negative interaction between lithium and ECT","volume":"151","author":"Ahmed","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970510029948","article-title":"Lithium and ECT--concurrent use still demands attention: three case reports","volume":"6","author":"Sartorius","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.94644","article-title":"Clinical profile and outcome of bipolar disorder patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy: a study from north India","volume":"54","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.168.2.241","article-title":"Negative interaction between lithium and electroconvulsive therapy--a case-control study","volume":"168","author":"Jha","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2010.504860","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective comparative study of interaction between lithium and modified electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"12","author":"Thirthalli","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib18","first-page":"601","article-title":"Response to lithium carbonate","volume":"13","author":"Krishna","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(79)90031-4","article-title":"Treatment of unipolar depression following electroconvulsive therapy. Relapse rate comparisons between lithium and tricyclics therapies following ECT","volume":"1","author":"Perry","year":"1979","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/154733251903100315","article-title":"A\u00a0national study for regional variation of inpatient ECT utilization from 4,411 hospitals across the United States","volume":"31","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib21","series-title":"(HCUP) HCaUP","article-title":"HCUP NIS database documentation","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib22","series-title":"Healthcare cost and utilization Project (HCUP)","year":"2017"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15081101","article-title":"Right unilateral ultrabrief pulse ECT in geriatric depression: phase 1 of the PRIDE study","volume":"173","author":"Kellner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1240","article-title":"Brain-to-serum lithium ratio and age: an in\u00a0vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"159","author":"Moore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib25","first-page":"139","article-title":"Concurrent and close temporal administration of lithium and ECT","volume":"6","author":"Penney","year":"1990","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199010000-00008","article-title":"Lithium interactions: lithium and electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"10","author":"Small","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.9.1178a","article-title":"Problems with lithium combined with ECT","volume":"145","author":"Milstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.10.1326","article-title":"Clinical significance of the interaction between lithium and a neuromuscular blocker","volume":"139","author":"Martin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib29","first-page":"54","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy and lithium: safe and effective treatment","volume":"9","author":"Lippmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012_bib30","first-page":"87","article-title":"Lithium for post-electroconvulsive therapy depressive relapse prevention: a consideration of the evidence","volume":"31","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0ECT"}],"container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X19303584?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X19303584?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T14:16:17Z","timestamp":1761833777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1935861X19303584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935861X19303584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-861X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Combination of lithium and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is associated with higher odds of delirium and cognitive problems in a large national sample across the United States","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Stimulation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}