{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:01:03Z","timestamp":1791313263520,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brainstimjrnl.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T11:47:40Z","timestamp":1594381660000},"page":"1333-1348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation decreases brain activity during trauma scripts"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-0223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew T.","family":"Wittbrodt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3702-0449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nil Z.","family":"Gurel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathon A.","family":"Nye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy","family":"Ladd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Mobashir H.","family":"Shandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minxuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit J.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley D.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuhayr S.","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Rapaport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Murrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-An","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ammer A.","family":"Haffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy H.","family":"Shallenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viola","family":"Vaccarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omer T.","family":"Inan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Douglas","family":"Bremner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00259.x","article-title":"Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: a functional neuroimaging investigation in humans","volume":"523","author":"Critchley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0840-4","article-title":"A\u00a0network-based neurobiological model of PTSD: evidence from structural and functional neuroimaging studies","volume":"19","author":"Akiki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatr Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib3","series-title":"Stress, fear, and memory in healthy individuals","first-page":"159","author":"Merz","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.01.005","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and prescribed psychotropic medications in adults","volume":"32","author":"Anda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.002","article-title":"Quantifying acute physiological biomarkers of transcutaneous cervical vagal nerve stimulation in the context of psychological stress","volume":"13","author":"Gurel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3339","article-title":"Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"13","author":"Pitman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2639","article-title":"Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition","volume":"10","author":"Lupien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00162-X","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse--a preliminary report","volume":"41","author":"Bremner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201212","article-title":"Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation alters neural response and physiological autonomic tone to noxious thermal challenge","volume":"14","author":"Lerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12398","article-title":"Noninvasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation decreases whole blood culture-derived cytokines and chemokines: a randomized, blinded, healthy control pilot trial","volume":"19","author":"Lerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technol. Neural Inter."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.141783","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of vagus nerve stimulation on traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.07.028","article-title":"A\u00a0one-year comparison of vagus nerve stimulation with treatment as usual for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"58","author":"George","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145706007425","article-title":"Durability of antidepressant response to vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)","volume":"10","author":"Sackeim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.02.031","article-title":"Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on major depressive disorder: a nonrandomized controlled pilot study","volume":"195","author":"Rong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.03.025","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates default mode network in major depressive disorder","volume":"79","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3972","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation delivered with motor training enhances recovery of function after traumatic brain injury","volume":"33","author":"Pruitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2005.22.1485","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve enhances cognitive and motor recovery following moderate fluid percussion injury in the rat","volume":"22","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.09.013","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation promotes generalization of conditioned fear extinction and reduces anxiety in rats","volume":"12","author":"Noble","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1995.1024","article-title":"Post-training unilateral vagal stimulation enhances retention performance in the rat","volume":"63","author":"Clark","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1998.3863","article-title":"Posttraining electrical stimulation of vagal afferents with concomitant vagal efferent inactivation enhances memory storage processes in the rat","volume":"70","author":"Clark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-011-9307-7","article-title":"Vagal stimulation modulates inflammation through a ghrelin mediated mechanism in traumatic brain injury","volume":"35","author":"Bansal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00124","article-title":"Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation effects on hyperarousal and autonomic state in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and history of mild traumatic brain injury: preliminary evidence","volume":"4","author":"Lamb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"6785","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/35013070","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin","volume":"405","author":"Borovikova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-4994-5","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation as a tool for enhancing extinction in exposure-based therapies","volume":"236","author":"Noble","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1139\/jpn.0936","article-title":"Enhancement of the function of rat serotonin and norepinephrine neurons by sustained vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"34","author":"Manta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145712000387","article-title":"Electrophysiological and neurochemical effects of long-term vagus nerve stimulation on the rat monoaminergic systems","volume":"16","author":"Manta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.12.055","article-title":"Recordings from the rat locus coeruleus during acute vagal nerve stimulation in the anaesthetised rat","volume":"379","author":"Groves","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0755-z","article-title":"BOLD fMRI deactivation of limbic and temporal brain structures and mood enhancing effect by transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"114","author":"Kraus","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2005.08.007","article-title":"Role of brain norepinephrine in the behavioral response to stress","volume":"29","author":"Morilak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01155.x","article-title":"Locus coeruleus lesions suppress the seizure-attenuating effects of vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"39","author":"Krahl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12398","article-title":"Noninvasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation decreases whole blood culture-derived cytokines and chemokines: a randomized, blinded, healthy control pilot trial","volume":"19","author":"Lerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/4600","article-title":"Enhanced recognition memory following vagus nerve stimulation in human subjects","volume":"2","author":"Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib33","first-page":"53","article-title":"The effects of vagus nerve stimulation on cognitive performance in patients with treatment-resistant depression","volume":"14","author":"Sackeim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsys. Neuropsychol. Behav Neuro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.066","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for enhancement of learning and memory","volume":"85","author":"Suthana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12864","article-title":"Exploration of the impact of brief noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation on EEG and event-related potentials","volume":"22","author":"Lewine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17040422","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation: back to the future","volume":"174","author":"Bremner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-015-0203-0","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation and other neuromodulation methods for treatment of traumatic brain injury","volume":"24","author":"Neren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurocritical Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12706","article-title":"High-resolution multi-scale computational model for non-invasive cervical vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"21","author":"Mourdoukoutas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417717470","article-title":"Evidence of activation of vagal afferents by non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation: an electrophysiological study in healthy volunteers","volume":"37","author":"Nonis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.09.007","article-title":"Scalp-recorded evoked potentials as a marker for afferent nerve impulse in clinical vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"6","author":"Usami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.10.008","article-title":"Access to vagal projections via cutaneous electrixal stimulation of the neck: fMRI evidence in healthy humans","volume":"10","author":"Frangos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.018","article-title":"Non-invasive access to the vagus nerve central projections via electrical stimulation of the external ear: fMRI evidence in humans","volume":"8","author":"Frangos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12541","article-title":"Optimization of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation using functional MRI","volume":"20","author":"Yakunina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.009","article-title":"Neurophysiologic effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) via electrical stimulation of the tragus: a concurrent taVNS\/fMRI study and review","volume":"11","author":"Badran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.11.1787","article-title":"Neural correlates of memories of childhood sexual abuse in women with and without posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"156","author":"Bremner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/1025389031000136242","article-title":"Neural correlates of traumatic recall in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"6","author":"Liberzon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stress"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1920","article-title":"Neural correlates of traumatic memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional MRI investigation","volume":"158","author":"Lanius","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707001432","article-title":"Effects of psychotherapy on regional cerebral blood flow during trauma imagery in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Lindauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07030504","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia","volume":"164","author":"Etkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib50","series-title":"The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000486","article-title":"The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans","volume":"30","author":"Weathers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000243824.84651.6c","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the early trauma inventory-self report","volume":"195","author":"Bremner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6394(2000)12:1<1::AID-DA1>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Development and preliminary psychometric properties of an instrument for the measurement of childhood trauma: the Early Trauma Inventory","volume":"12","author":"Bremner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000856","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the adulthood trauma inventory","author":"Wittbrodt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib55","series-title":"Segal MJHDL, editor Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment","first-page":"134","article-title":"The structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I) and the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis II disorders (SCID-II)","author":"First","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib56","first-page":"1067","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a new LSO high resolution research tomograph-HRRT","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Schmand","year":"1999"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000597","article-title":"Brain correlates of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia","volume":"80","author":"Bremner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib58","series-title":"Contrast weights in flexible factorial design with multiple groups of subjects","first-page":"1","author":"Gl\u00e4scher","year":"2008"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.7.926","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of happiness, sadness, and disgust","volume":"154","author":"Lane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.7.918","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of externally and internally generated human emotion","volume":"154","author":"Reiman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib61","series-title":"Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain: 3-dimensional proportional system: an approach to cerebral imaging","author":"Talairach","year":"1988"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.1.36","article-title":"The nature of traumatic memories: a 4-T FMRI functional connectivity analysis","volume":"161","author":"Lanius","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00297-2","article-title":"Neural correlates of exposure to traumatic pictures and sound in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: a positron emission tomography study","volume":"45","author":"Bremner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.5.924","article-title":"MRI and PET study of deficits in hippocampal structure and function in women with childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","volume":"160","author":"Bremner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.025","article-title":"Corticolimbic blood flow in posttraumatic stress disorder during script-driven imagery","volume":"57","author":"Britton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.11.1787","article-title":"Neural correlates of memories of childhood sexual abuse in women with and without posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"156","author":"Bremner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830050014003","article-title":"A\u00a0symptom provocation study of posttraumatic stress disorder using positron emission tomography and script-driven imagery","volume":"53","author":"Rauch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01107-6","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow correlated with flashback intensity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"50","author":"Osuch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000096","article-title":"Emotion and the prefrontal cortex: an integrative review","volume":"143","author":"Dixon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.08.004","article-title":"Functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"55","author":"Gilboa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv001","article-title":"The brain basis of positive and negative affect: evidence from a meta-analysis of the human neuroimaging literature","volume":"26","author":"Lindquist","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebr Cortex"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.10.019","article-title":"Coping with emotions past: the neural bases of regulating affect associated with negative autobiographical memories","volume":"65","author":"Kross","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.1.279","article-title":"Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour","volume":"118","author":"Devinsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01483-2","article-title":"Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"4","author":"Bush","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Cognit Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-018-1071-y","article-title":"Neural mechanisms linking emotion with cardiovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"Kraynak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63327-9.00010-2","article-title":"Targeting plasticity with vagus nerve stimulation to treat neurological disease","volume":"207","author":"Hays","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib77","first-page":"147","article-title":"Effect of stimulation of vagal and radial nerves on neuronal activity in the basal forebrain area of anaesthetized cats","volume":"61","author":"Detari","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Hung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.08.045","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation increases norepinephrine concentration and the gene expression of BDNF and bFGF in the rat brain","volume":"1179","author":"Follesa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib79","first-page":"1917","article-title":"Automatic detection of target engagement in transcutaneous cervical vagal nerve stimulation for traumatic stress triggers","volume":"24","author":"Gurel","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib80","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Timing considerations for noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation in clinical studies","volume":"2019","author":"Gurel","year":"2019","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.10.026","article-title":"Pairing tone trains with vagus nerve stimulation induces temporal plasticity in auditory cortex","volume":"233","author":"Shetake","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.033","article-title":"The anatomical and functional specialization of the fusiform gyrus","volume":"83","author":"Weiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90344-8","article-title":"Separate visual pathways for perception and action","volume":"15","author":"Goodale","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1219-18.2018","article-title":"A\u00a0posterior-anterior distinction between scene perception and scene construction in human medial parietal cortex","volume":"39","author":"Silson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.023","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: a meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Svoboda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04098.x","article-title":"Attention to pain localization and unpleasantness discriminates the functions of the medial and lateral pain systems","volume":"21","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.05.031","article-title":"The neural bases of emotion regulation: reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion","volume":"63","author":"Goldin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"e1217","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib88","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on extinction of conditioned fear and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in rats","volume":"7","author":"Noble","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2019.1602604","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation reverses the extinction impairments in a model of PTSD with prolonged and repeated trauma","volume":"22","author":"Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.01.014","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation reduces spontaneous but not induced negative thought intrusions in high worriers","volume":"142","author":"Burger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.07.005","article-title":"Mixed evidence for the potential of non-invasive transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation to improve the extinction and retention of fear","volume":"97","author":"Burger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.05.007","article-title":"The effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on conditioned fear extinction in humans","volume":"132","author":"Burger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29561-w","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation and extinction of prepared fear: a conceptual non-replication","volume":"8","author":"Burger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00157","volume":"8","author":"Bremner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib95","series-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder: from neurobiology to treatment","first-page":"291","article-title":"Neuroimaging of PTSD","author":"Campanella","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118356142.ch4","article-title":"Amygdala contributions to fear and safety conditioning: insights into PTSD from an animal model across development","author":"Cain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: From Neurobiology to Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118356142.ch6","article-title":"Psychosocial predator stress model of PTSD based on clinically relevant risk factors for trauma-induced psychopathology","volume":"125","author":"Zoladz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: From Neurobiology to Treatment"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.01.011","article-title":"CNS BOLD fMRI effects of sham-controlled transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the left outer auditory canal - a pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Kraus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-003-0087-6","article-title":"Far field potentials from the brain stem after transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"110","author":"Fallgatter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neural Transm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0282-1","article-title":"Far field potentials from brain stem after transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation: optimization of stimulation and recording parameters","volume":"116","author":"Polak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neural Transm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.11610\/posture.07","article-title":"Effects of acute transcutaneous vagal stimulation on the EEG power maps, EEG sources distribution and steadiness of quiet and sensory-conflicted stance","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Balance Brain: Int Works Proc."}],"container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X20301996?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X20301996?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T14:14:54Z","timestamp":1761833694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1935861X20301996"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935861X20301996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-861X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation decreases brain activity during trauma scripts","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Stimulation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}