{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T15:20:35Z","timestamp":1780759235815,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brainstimjrnl.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]],"date-time":"2020-11-14T07:50:25Z","timestamp":1605340225000},"page":"100-109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["No effect of anodal tDCS on motor cortical excitability and no evidence for responders in a large double-blind placebo-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zeb D.","family":"Jonker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Gaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joke H.M.","family":"Tulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6114-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard M.","family":"Ribbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten A.","family":"Frens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruud W.","family":"Selles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh369","article-title":"Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke","volume":"128","author":"Hummel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20201","article-title":"Cognitive effects of repeated sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with depression","volume":"23","author":"Fregni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","article-title":"Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans","volume":"57","author":"Nitsche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03398.x","article-title":"GABAergic modulation of DC stimulation-induced motor cortex excitability shifts in humans","volume":"19","author":"Nitsche","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf238","article-title":"Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of transcranial DC-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability","volume":"125","author":"Liebetanz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.01.023","article-title":"AMPA receptors are involved in prefrontal direct current stimulation effects on long-term working memory and GAP-43 expression","volume":"362","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.03.035","article-title":"Direct current stimulation promotes BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity: potential implications for motor learning","volume":"66","author":"Fritsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.08.029","article-title":"Does anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhance excitability of the motor cortex and motor function in healthy individuals and subjects with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Bastani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.021","article-title":"Evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) generates little-to-no reliable neurophysiologic effect beyond MEP amplitude modulation in healthy human subjects: a systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Horvath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.02.004","article-title":"Inter-individual variability in response to non-invasive brain stimulation paradigms","volume":"7","author":"L\u00f3pez-Alonso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.02.003","article-title":"Variability in response to transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex","volume":"7","author":"Wiethoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02928-3","article-title":"Direct effects of transcranial electric stimulation on brain circuits in rats and humans","volume":"9","author":"V\u00f6r\u00f6slakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.12.003","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene polymorphisms shape cortical plasticity in humans","volume":"3","author":"Antal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00107","article-title":"Duration-dependent effects of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on anodal tDCS induced motor cortex plasticity in older adults: a group and individual perspective","volume":"7","author":"Puri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.20118","article-title":"Ethnic difference of the BDNF 196G\/A (val66met) polymorphism frequencies: the possibility to explain ethnic mental traits","volume":"126B","author":"Shimizu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2009.50.43","article-title":"Ethnic differences in brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism in Croatian and Korean healthy participants","volume":"50","author":"Pivac","year":"2009","journal-title":"Croat Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs147","article-title":"The role of interneuron networks in driving human motor cortical plasticity","volume":"23","author":"Hamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebr Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib18","first-page":"18","article-title":"The contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the functional evaluation of microcircuits in human motor cortex","volume":"7","author":"Di Lazzaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neural Circ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.007","article-title":"Role of cortical cell type and morphology in subthreshold and suprathreshold uniform electric field stimulation in\u00a0vitro","volume":"2","author":"Radman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00049","article-title":"Predicting modulation in corticomotor excitability and in transcallosal inhibition in response to anodal transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Davidson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00518-6","article-title":"A\u00a0safety screening questionnaire for transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"112","author":"Keel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4156","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3660-11.2012","article-title":"Neuroplasticity in cigarette smokers is altered under withdrawal and partially restituted by nicotine exposition","volume":"32","author":"Grundey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib24","article-title":"Predicting the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on brain excitability","author":"Jonker","year":"2018","journal-title":"OSF"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.04.006","article-title":"Daily transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) leads to greater increases in cortical excitability than second daily transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"5","author":"Alonzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.04.003","article-title":"Response variability of different anodal transcranial direct current stimulation intensities across multiple sessions","volume":"10","author":"Ammann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.11.005","article-title":"TMS motor mapping: comparing the absolute reliability of digital reconstruction methods to the golden standard","volume":"12","author":"Jonker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib28","author":"Awiszus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib29","first-page":"97","article-title":"Magnetic stimulation: motor evoked potentials. The international federation of clinical neurophysiology","volume":"52","author":"Rothwell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.07.004","article-title":"BDNF Val66Met but not transcranial direct current stimulation affects motor learning after stroke","volume":"10","author":"van der Vliet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3648","article-title":"A\u00a0solution to dependency: using multilevel analysis to accommodate nested data","volume":"17","author":"Aarts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00426","article-title":"TMS motor thresholds correlate with TDCS electric field strengths in hand motor area","volume":"12","author":"Mikkonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.03.008","article-title":"Individual differences in TMS sensitivity influence the efficacy of tDCS in facilitating sensorimotor adaptation","volume":"12","author":"Labruna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4667-8","article-title":"Effects of a common transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) protocol on motor evoked potentials found to be highly variable within individuals over 9 testing sessions","volume":"234","author":"Horvath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13321","article-title":"Systematic assessment of duration and intensity of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on primary motor cortex excitability","volume":"44","author":"Tremblay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54621-0","article-title":"Expanding the parameter space of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex","volume":"9","author":"Agboada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.10.002","article-title":"Simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation in head model with morphologically-realistic cortical neurons","volume":"13","author":"Aberra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/382805a0","article-title":"Two different areas within the primary motor cortex of man","volume":"382","author":"Geyer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53985-7","article-title":"Differences in high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation over the motor hotspot versus the premotor cortex on motor network excitability","volume":"9","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.07.031","article-title":"Inter- and intra-individual variability in response to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) at varying current intensities","volume":"8","author":"Chew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.03.022","article-title":"Intra-individual variability in the response to anodal transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"126","author":"L\u00f3pez-Alonso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20360","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the challenge of coil placement: a comparison of conventional and stereotaxic neuronavigational strategies","volume":"29","author":"Sparing","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00453","article-title":"The importance of sample size for reproducibility of tDCS effects","volume":"10","author":"Minarik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475","article-title":"Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience","volume":"14","author":"Button","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37226-x","article-title":"Can electric fields explain inter-individual variability in transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex?","volume":"9","author":"Laakso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.07.006","article-title":"Does second-scale intertrial interval affect motor evoked potentials induced by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation?","volume":"5","author":"Julkunen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.03.002","article-title":"Ongoing cumulative effects of single TMS pulses on corticospinal excitability: an intra- and inter-block investigation","volume":"127","author":"Pellicciari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2010.05.002","article-title":"Reducing procedural pain and discomfort associated with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"4","author":"McFadden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3389\/fneng.2014.00028","article-title":"Reduced discomfort during high-definition transcutaneous stimulation using 6% benzocaine","volume":"7","author":"Guleyupoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neuroeng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730","article-title":"Partially non-linear stimulation intensity-dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans","volume":"591","author":"Batsikadze","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.04.011","article-title":"Induction of late LTP-like plasticity in the human motor cortex by repeated non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"6","author":"Monte-Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.060","article-title":"Multifocal tDCS targeting the resting state motor network increases cortical excitability beyond traditional tDCS targeting unilateral motor cortex","volume":"157","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X20302886?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X20302886?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T14:16:01Z","timestamp":1761833761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1935861X20302886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935861X20302886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-861X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"No effect of anodal tDCS on motor cortical excitability and no evidence for responders in a large double-blind placebo-controlled trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Stimulation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}