{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:14:03Z","timestamp":1784542443957,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brainstimjrnl.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T18:25:18Z","timestamp":1640197518000},"page":"201-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Use of electroconvulsive therapy for individuals receiving inpatient psychiatric care on a nationwide scale in France: Variations linked to health care supply"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Pierre","family":"Lecarpentier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coralie","family":"Gandr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Coldefy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anis","family":"Ellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Trichard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00168-1","article-title":"Risk of serious medical events in patients with depression treated with electroconvulsive therapy: a propensity score-matched, retrospective cohort study","author":"Kaster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.05.010","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy is associated with lower readmission rates in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"14","author":"Ying","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2018.32","article-title":"ECT in schizophrenia: a review of the evidence","volume":"31","author":"Grover","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"361","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666161017233642","article-title":"The role of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in bipolar disorder: effectiveness in 522 patients with bipolar depression, mixed-state, mania and catatonic features","volume":"15","author":"Perugi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib6","series-title":"Profil d\u2019utilisation de l\u2019\u00e9lectroconvulsivoth\u00e9rapie au Qu\u00e9bec","author":"Lemasson","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib7","first-page":"292","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy in Norway: rates of use, clinical characteristics, diagnoses, and attitude","volume":"27","author":"Schweder","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpsm.2015.12.003","article-title":"Pattern of electroconvulsive therapy use in Spain: proposals for an optimal practice and equitable access","volume":"10","author":"Sanz-Fuentenebro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Psiquiat\u00eda. Salud. Ment."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/154733251903100315","article-title":"A\u00a0national study for regional variation of inpatient ECT utilization from 4,411 hospitals across the United States","volume":"31","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201700364","article-title":"Identifying recipients of electroconvulsive therapy: data from privately insured Americans","volume":"69","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2011.01689.x","article-title":"Medical practice variations: what the literature tells us (or does not) about what are warranted and unwarranted variations","volume":"17","author":"Mercuri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(82)90234-9","article-title":"Professional uncertainty and the problem of supplier-induced demand","volume":"16","author":"Wennberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib13","first-page":"133","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes toward electroconvulsive therapy among health care professionals and students","volume":"22","author":"Byrne","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib14","first-page":"40","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy: relating attitude towards treatment and knowledge among mental health professionals in a mental health center","volume":"55","author":"Brender","year":"2018","journal-title":"Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib15","first-page":"84","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy: attitudes and misconceptions","volume":"21","author":"Dowman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.07.005","article-title":"Based on a true story? The portrayal of ECT in international movies and television programs","volume":"9","author":"Sienaert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.07.010","article-title":"Can a seizure help? The public's attitude toward electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"134","author":"Lauber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.6.869","article-title":"Variation in ECT use in the United States","volume":"152","author":"Hermann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib19","first-page":"24","article-title":"A\u00a0refutation of the practice style hypothesis: the case of antibiotics prescription by French general practitioners for acute rhinopharyngitis","author":"Mousqu\u00e8s","year":"2008","journal-title":"Work. Paper, Irdes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12930","article-title":"Addressing unwarranted clinical variation: a rapid review of current evidence","volume":"25","author":"Harrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib21","series-title":"The dog in the night-time: medical practice variations and health policy. The challenges of medical practice variations","first-page":"117","author":"Evans","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib22","series-title":"Variations in health care. The good, the bad and the inexplicable","author":"Appleby","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2003.01182.x","article-title":"Epidemiological analysis of electroconvulsive therapy in Victoria, Australia","volume":"37","author":"Wood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.37","article-title":"Contemporary use and practice of electroconvulsive therapy worldwide","volume":"2","author":"Leiknes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.09.005","article-title":"Declining use of electroconvulsive therapy in United States general hospitals","volume":"73","author":"Case","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2004.11.005","article-title":"Patterns of electroconvulsive therapy use in Spain","volume":"21","author":"Bertol\u00edn-Guill\u00e9n","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19m13186","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19m13186","article-title":"Characterization of the quality of electroconvulsive therapy among older medicare beneficiaries","volume":"81","author":"Rhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib28","first-page":"741","article-title":"What is too much variation? The null hypothesis in small-area analysis","volume":"24","author":"Diehr","year":"1990","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib29","first-page":"36","article-title":"A\u00a0survey of electroconvulsive therapy in Finland","volume":"37","author":"Sumia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib30","first-page":"253","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy in Italy\u2014current dissemination of treatment and determining factors of the past","volume":"36","author":"Wilhelmy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib31","author":"L\u00e9gifrance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib32","article-title":"France. Health system review","volume":"17","author":"Chevreul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heal. Sys. Transi."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00048-016-0152-5","article-title":"A\u00a0material history of electroshock therapy","volume":"24","author":"Rzesnitzek","year":"2016","journal-title":"NTM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib34","series-title":"Recommandations pour la pratique clinique. Indications et modalit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00e9lectroconvulsivoth\u00e9rapie","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib35","series-title":"Programme de m\u00e9dicalisation des syst\u00e8mes d\u2019information en m\u00e9decine, chirurgie, obst\u00e9trique et odontologie","author":"Technical agency for information on hospital care","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib36","series-title":"Technical agency for information on hospital care. Pr\u00e9sentation","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib38","series-title":"D\u00e9cret n\u00b0 2016-1871 du 26 d\u00e9cembre 2016 relatif au traitement de donn\u00e9es \u00e0 caract\u00e8re personnel d\u00e9nomm\u00e9 \u00ab syst\u00e8me national des donn\u00e9es de sant\u00e9 \u00bb","author":"Legifrance","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib39","series-title":"Statistique annuelle des \u00e9tablissements de sant\u00e9 (SAE), base statistique","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib40","series-title":"Fichier national des \u00e9tablissements sanitaires et sociaux","author":"Drees","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib41","series-title":"Les r\u00e9sultats des recensements de la population","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib42","series-title":"D\u00e9mographie des professionnels de sant\u00e9","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib44","article-title":"\u00c9tude de faisabilit\u00e9 sur la diversit\u00e9 des pratiques en psychiatrie","author":"Coldefy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Les. Rapp. de l\u2019Irdes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib45","series-title":"General practitioners' prescribing decision-making: the case of proton pump inhibitors in France","author":"Chevreul","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib46","article-title":"Physician beliefs and patient preferences: a new look at regional variation in health care spending","author":"Cutler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harv. Bus. School Work. Paper"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2753.2002.00343.x","article-title":"An explanatory model of medical practice variation: a physician resource demand perspective","volume":"8","author":"Long","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00299-3","article-title":"The \u201csupply hypothesis\u201d and medical practice variation in primary care: testing economic and clinical models of inter-practitioner variation","volume":"50","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/135581960000500403","article-title":"Do physician practice styles persist over time? Continuities in patterns of clinical decision-making among general practitioners","volume":"5","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Health Serv. Res. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1050(199711)6:6<577::AID-HEC291>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Analysing the effect of competition on general practitioners' behaviour using a multilevel modelling framework","volume":"6","author":"Scott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib51","series-title":"La variabilit\u00e9 des pratiques m\u00e9dicales en m\u00e9decine g\u00e9n\u00e9rale : le cas des hyperlipid\u00e9mies","author":"Mousqu\u00e8s","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib52","first-page":"237","article-title":"Utilisation d\u2019un mod\u00e9le de r\u00e9gression logistique \u00e0 deux niveaux dans l\u2019analyse des variations de pratique m\u00e9dicale : \u00e0 propos de la c\u00e9sariennne prophylactique","volume":"45","author":"Rabilloud","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4730020205","article-title":"Econometric analyses of national health expenditures: can positive economics help to answer normative questions?","volume":"2","author":"McGuire","year":"1993","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib54","volume":"3","author":"Hollingworth","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-3485.167092","article-title":"Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: odds versus risk","volume":"6","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perspect. Clin. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib56","series-title":"Multilevel analysis: an introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling","author":"Snijders","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib57","series-title":"Multilevel models. Applications using SAS","author":"Wang","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2013.04.002","article-title":"Factors affecting diabetic screening behavior of Korean adults: a multilevel analysis","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Nurs Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00909.x","article-title":"Interpreting parameters in the logistic regression model with random effects","volume":"56","author":"Larsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202000387","article-title":"Barriers to the implementation of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): results from a nationwide survey of ECT practitioners","volume":"72","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pan.a004868","article-title":"Logistic regression in rare events data","volume":"9","author":"King","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib62","first-page":"23","article-title":"Insights into using the glimmix procedure to model categorical outcomes with random effects","author":"Kiernan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paper SAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007_bib63","first-page":"36","article-title":"A\u00a0descriptive study of data collection systems used in electroconvulsive therapy units in the province of quebec, Canada","volume":"36","author":"Haesebaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0ECT"}],"container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X21008421?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X21008421?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T14:21:53Z","timestamp":1761834113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1935861X21008421"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935861X21008421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-861X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Use of electroconvulsive therapy for individuals receiving inpatient psychiatric care on a nationwide scale in France: Variations linked to health care supply","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Stimulation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}