{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:51:51Z","timestamp":1786985511253,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006942","name":"Medical University of South Carolina","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006942","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brainstimjrnl.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T02:59:28Z","timestamp":1652237968000},"page":"761-768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve improves olfaction in healthy individuals: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9376-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bashar W.","family":"Badran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise M.","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia H.","family":"O'Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris W.","family":"Austelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Huffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex T.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"McTeague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Uhde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette M.","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6815-13-8","article-title":"Hidden consequences of olfactory dysfunction: a patient report series","volume":"13","author":"Keller","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjl051","article-title":"Individual differences in odor imaging ability reflect differences in olfactory and emotional perception","volume":"32","author":"Bensafi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.09.011","article-title":"The neural basis of olfactory function and its relationship with anhedonia in individuals with schizotypy: an exploratory study","volume":"234","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bju043","article-title":"The impact of olfactory disorders in the United Kingdom","volume":"39","author":"Philpott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.03.026","article-title":"Differential odor sensitivity in PTSD: implications for treatment and future research","volume":"179","author":"Cortese","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.12.026","article-title":"Olfaction as a marker for depression in humans","volume":"160","author":"Croy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt049","article-title":"Meta-analysis of olfactory function in schizophrenia, first-degree family members, and youths at-risk for psychosis","volume":"40","author":"Moberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.003","article-title":"Olfaction: a potential cognitive marker of psychiatric disorders","volume":"32","author":"Atanasova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.9.1399","article-title":"Olfactory deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment predict Alzheimer's disease at follow-up","volume":"157","author":"Devanand","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21291","article-title":"Association of olfactory dysfunction with risk for future Parkinson's disease","volume":"63","author":"Ross","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl343","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction in patients with narcolepsy with and without REM sleep behaviour disorder","volume":"130","author":"Stiasny-Kolster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107541","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction predicts 5-year mortality in older adults","volume":"9","author":"Pinto","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr165","article-title":"The association between olfactory impairment and total mortality in older adults","volume":"67","author":"Gopinath","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib14","first-page":"2251","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study","volume":"277","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjv057","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of self-reported smell and taste alterations: results from the 2011-2012 US national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES)","volume":"41","author":"Rawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00020","article-title":"The influences of age on olfaction: a review","volume":"5","author":"Doty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23259","article-title":"Impact of topical nasal steroid therapy on symptoms of nasal polyposis: a meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Rudmik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2013.27.3982","article-title":"Evidence-based treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"27","author":"Schlosser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03869.x","article-title":"Sense of smell in allergic and nonallergic rhinitis","volume":"53","author":"Simola","year":"1998","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.04.006","article-title":"Features of anosmia in COVID-19","volume":"50","author":"Klopfenstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Maladies Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200103000-00008","article-title":"Olfaction and its alteration by nasal obstruction, rhinitis, and rhinosinusitis","volume":"111","author":"Doty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550160077042","article-title":"Taste and smell losses in normal aging and disease","volume":"278","author":"Schiffman","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(78)90070-7","article-title":"Intranasal trigeminal stimulation from odorous volatiles: psychometric responses from anosmic and normal humans","volume":"20","author":"Doty","year":"1978","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/20.6.645","article-title":"A\u00a0study of the test-retest reliability of ten olfactory tests","volume":"20","author":"Doty","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib25","first-page":"305","article-title":"Influence of nasal trigeminal stimuli on olfactory sensitivity","volume":"327","author":"Jacquot","year":"2004","journal-title":"C\u00a0R Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjy049","article-title":"Olfactory and trigeminal systems interact in the periphery","volume":"43","author":"Tremblay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)02526-5","article-title":"Trigeminal modulation of gustatory neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract","volume":"973","author":"Boucher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"5753","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/284255a0","article-title":"Interaction between chemoreceptive modalities of odour and irritation","volume":"284","author":"Cain","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.02.019","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of cranial nerves in cognition and disease","volume":"13","author":"Adair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00594.x","article-title":"Pilot study of trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) for epilepsy: a proof-of-concept trial","volume":"47","author":"DeGiorgio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.1.1760247","article-title":"Trigeminal nerve anatomy: illustrated using examples of abnormalities","volume":"176","author":"Kamel","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970818)385:1<135::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Lateralization and functional organization of the locus coeruleus projection to the trigeminal somatosensory pathway in rat","volume":"385","author":"Simpson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20140061","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus and trigeminal nerve stimulation for neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Shiozawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.03.025","article-title":"Effect of a 10-day transcutaneous trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) protocol for depression amelioration: a randomized, double blind, and sham-controlled phase II clinical trial","volume":"95","author":"Generoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12399","article-title":"Trigeminal nerve stimulation for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder","volume":"19","author":"Cook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.06.005","article-title":"External trigeminal nerve stimulation for drug resistant epilepsy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Gil-Lopez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418811573","article-title":"Acute migraine therapy with external trigeminal neurostimulation (ACME): a randomized controlled trial","volume":"39","author":"Chou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.11.013","article-title":"Double-blind, sham-controlled, pilot study of trigeminal nerve stimulation for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"58","author":"McGough","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"110","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib39","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation (tAN): a novel adjuvant treatment in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Jenkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1996.82.2.451","article-title":"Analysis of position of trial sequence and type of diluent on the detection threshold for phenyl ethyl alcohol using a single staircase method","volume":"82","author":"Pierce","year":"1996","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib41","series-title":"The smell threshold test administration manual","author":"Doty","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.11.013","article-title":"Double-blind, sham-controlled, pilot study of trigeminal nerve stimulation for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"58","author":"McGough","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(97)00029-0","article-title":"The use of visual analog scales in mood disorders: a critical review","volume":"31","author":"Ahearn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00801.x","article-title":"Quantification of sleepiness: a new approach","volume":"10","author":"Hoddes","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116889","article-title":"Minds \"at attention\": mindfulness training curbs attentional lapses in military cohorts","volume":"10","author":"Jha","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino16.195","article-title":"Effects of olfactory training: a meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Sorokowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.12.641","article-title":"Clinical Olfactory Working Group consensus statement on the treatment of postinfectious olfactory dysfunction","volume":"147","author":"Addison","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.010","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation nomenclature","volume":"12","author":"Bikson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00240","article-title":"A\u00a0review on the neural bases of episodic odor memory: from laboratory-based to autobiographical approaches","volume":"8","author":"Saive","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.01.052","article-title":"Frontal tDCS modulates orbitofrontal reality filtering","volume":"265","author":"Manuel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25387","article-title":"Challenges of differential placebo effects in contemporary medicine: the example of brain stimulation","volume":"85","author":"Burke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"}],"container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X22000845?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X22000845?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T14:22:53Z","timestamp":1761834173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1935861X22000845"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935861X22000845"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-861X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve improves olfaction in healthy individuals: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Stimulation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}