{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:00:54Z","timestamp":1793084454035,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"DFG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009398","name":"Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brainstimjrnl.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:01:09Z","timestamp":1668038469000},"page":"1475-1485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) for the enhancement of working memory \u2013 A systematic review and meta-analysis of healthy adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2658-3078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Habel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward S.","family":"Brodkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Weidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib1","article-title":"Working memory","author":"Baddeley","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"C","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60452-1","article-title":"Working memory","volume":"8","author":"Baddeley","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychology of Learning and Motivation - Advances in Research and Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib3","series-title":"Models of working memory","first-page":"62","article-title":"An embedded-processes model of working memory","author":"Cowan","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)00020-9","article-title":"What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory? NIH Public Access Author Manuscript","volume":"169","author":"Cowan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015031","article-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of working memory","volume":"66","author":"D'Esposito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(03)00019-4","article-title":"Working memory and language: an overview","volume":"36","author":"Baddeley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Commun Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6","article-title":"Individual differences in working memory and reading","volume":"19","author":"Daneman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Verb Learn Verb Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00160","article-title":"Working memory capacity as executive attention","volume":"11","author":"Engle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2009.10.005","article-title":"Working memory and mathematics: a review of developmental, individual difference, and cognitive approaches","volume":"20","author":"Raghubar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Learn Indiv Differ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.4.599","article-title":"Working memory impairments in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000051","article-title":"Anxiety and working memory capacity: a meta-analysis and narrative review","volume":"142","author":"Moran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-008-9077-7","article-title":"Understanding executive control in autism spectrum disorders in the lab and in the real world","volume":"18","author":"Kenworthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2012.06.006","article-title":"Current evidence does not support the claims made for CogMed working memory training","volume":"1","author":"Hulme","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Res Mem Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.9.061206.133100","article-title":"Noninvasive human brain stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib15","first-page":"187","article-title":"Rethinking the thinking cap","author":"Hamilton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Published online"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008","volume":"1","author":"Nitsche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.9.061206.133100","article-title":"Noninvasive human brain stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavidor M, Jacobson L, Koslowsky M. tDCS polarity effects in motor and cognitive domains: a meta-analytical review. doi:10.1007\/s00221-011-2891-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2891-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feredoes E, Delgado Garcia JM, Ae FF, et\u00a0al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. doi:10.1007\/s00221-005-2334-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2334-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib20","series-title":"Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation changes connectivity of resting-state networks during fMRI","author":"Keeser","year":"2011"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22429","article-title":"Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation alters activation and connectivity in cortical and subcortical reward systems: a tDCS-fMRI study","volume":"35","author":"Weber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410386614","article-title":"Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Stagg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"MAY","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib23","article-title":"The contribution of interindividual factors to variability of response in transcranial direct current stimulation studies","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00956","article-title":"Does transcranial direct current stimulation improve healthy working memory?: a meta-analytic review","volume":"28","author":"Mancuso","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cognit Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.050","article-title":"Modelling neural correlates of working memory: a coordinate-based meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Rottschy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.05.022","article-title":"Dorsolateral prefrontal contributions to human working memory","volume":"49","author":"Barbey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"MAR","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Working memory from the psychological and neurosciences perspectives: a review","volume":"9","author":"Chai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.09.010","article-title":"Comparing cortical plasticity induced by conventional and high-definition 4\u00a0\u00d7 1 ring tDCS: a neurophysiological study","volume":"6","author":"Kuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"August 2020","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib29","article-title":"High definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS): a systematic review on the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"56","author":"Parlikar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib30","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory training in healthy young adults","author":"Ke","year":"201913","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.05.019","article-title":"Focalised stimulation using high definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) to investigate declarative verbal learning and memory functioning","volume":"117","author":"Nikolin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"November 2016","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.03.001","article-title":"Effects of prefrontal bipolar and high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on cortical reactivity and working memory in healthy adults","volume":"152","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page MJ, Mckenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et\u00a0al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Research Methods and Reporting. Published online 2021. doi:10.1136\/bmj.n71.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib35","series-title":"Doing meta-analysis with R: a hands-on guide","author":"Harrer","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib36","first-page":"107","article-title":"Distribution theory for glass's estimator of effect size and related estimators","volume":"6","author":"Hedges","year":"1981","journal-title":"J\u00a0Educ Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib37","series-title":"Statistical methods for meta-analysis","author":"Hedges","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1164","article-title":"Methods to estimate the between-study variance and its uncertainty in meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Veroniki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"STATISTICS IN MEDICINE Statist Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib40","series-title":"Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions | Cochrane training","author":"Higgins","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib41","series-title":"Practical meta-analysis","author":"Lipsey","year":"2001"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","article-title":"How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid-Based Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2014.01.008","article-title":"Working memory improvement with non-invasive brain stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Brunoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Cognit"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.10.006","article-title":"Effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory: a systematic review and meta-analysis of findings from healthy and neuropsychiatric populations","volume":"9","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4544","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2889","article-title":"Performance of the trim and fill method in the presence of publication bias and between-study heterogeneity","volume":"26","author":"Peters","year":"2007","journal-title":"STATISTICS IN MEDICINE Statist Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.06.005","article-title":"Effects of single versus dual-site High-Definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on cortical reactivity and working memory performance in healthy subjects","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.449","article-title":"Impact of concurrent task performance on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)-induced changes in cortical physiology and working memory","volume":"12","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.06.056","article-title":"Working memory capacity differentially influences responses to tDCS and HD-tDCS in a retro-cue task","volume":"629","author":"G\u00f6zenman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0401-0","article-title":"Neural predictors of treatment response to brain stimulation and psychological therapy in depression: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Nord","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) of the intraparietal sulcus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on working memory and divided attention","author":"Nikolin","year":"201912","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"issue":"c","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib50","first-page":"329","article-title":"High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) enhances working memory training","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib51","first-page":"3553","article-title":"Effects of HD-tDCS combined with working memory training on event-related potentials","volume":"2020-July","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS"},{"issue":"FEB2016","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates neuronal activity and learning in pilot training","volume":"10","author":"Choe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of repeated anodal HD-tDCS on executive functions: evidence from a pilot and single-blinded fNIRS study","author":"Lu","year":"202114","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2018.00064","article-title":"Effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) of the intraparietal sulcus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on working memory and divided attention","volume":"12","author":"Nikolin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"issue":"March","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.03.001","article-title":"Effects of prefrontal bipolar and high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on cortical reactivity and working memory in healthy adults","volume":"152","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Individual baseline performance and electrode montage impact on the effects of anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","author":"Splittgerber","year":"202014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.09.017","article-title":"Cost of focality in TDCS: interindividual variability in electric fields","volume":"13","author":"Mikkonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/12\/4506","article-title":"Spatial and polarity precision of concentric high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS)","volume":"61","author":"Alam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.050","article-title":"Modelling neural correlates of working memory: a coordinate-based meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Rottschy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soleimani G, Saviz M, Bikson M, et\u00a0al. Group and individual level variations between symmetric and asymmetric DLPFC montages for tDCS over large scale brain network nodes. Sci Rep |. 123AD;11:1271. doi:10.1038\/s41598-020-80279-0.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80279-0"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.05.001","article-title":"Testing assumptions on prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation: comparison of electrode montages using multimodal fMRI","volume":"11","author":"W\u00f6rsching","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib60","first-page":"1","article-title":"High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation over the right lateral prefrontal cortex increases maximization tendencies","author":"Wang","year":"202115","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4022-x","article-title":"Use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to enhance cognitive training: effect of timing of stimulation","volume":"232","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"issue":"February","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.02.035","article-title":"The neurobiology of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in promoting brain plasticity: a systematic review and meta-analyses of human and rodent studies","volume":"125","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.04.006","article-title":"Daily transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) leads to greater increases in cortical excitability than second daily transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"5","author":"Alonzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145712000041","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation treatment protocols: should stimulus intensity be constant or incremental over multiple sessions?","volume":"16","author":"Nica G\u00e1lvez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805413106","article-title":"Noninvasive cortical stimulation enhances motor skill acquisition over multiple days through an effect on consolidation","volume":"106","author":"Reis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht208","article-title":"Time-but not sleep-dependent consolidation of tDCS-enhanced visuomotor skills","volume":"25","author":"Reis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebr Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00210.2011","article-title":"Probing for hemispheric specialization for motor skill learning: a transcranial direct current stimulation study","volume":"106","author":"Schambra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib71","series-title":"Individual baseline performance and electrode montage impact on the effects of anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","author":"Splittgerber","year":"2020"},{"issue":"DEC2016","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib72","first-page":"1","article-title":"Individual differences and state-dependent responses in transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Hsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib73","series-title":"Parietal contributions to visual working memory depend on task difficulty","author":"Jones","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2014.09.002","article-title":"Modulating the interference effect on spatial working memory by applying transcranial direct current stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"91","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Cognit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.11.012","article-title":"The strategy and motivational influences on the beneficial effect of neurostimulation: a tDCS and fNIRS study","volume":"105","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116062","article-title":"Reward motivation and neurostimulation interact to improve working memory performance in healthy older adults: a simultaneous tDCS-fNIRS study HHS Public Access","volume":"202","author":"Di Rosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24885-0","article-title":"Cognitive functions and underlying parameters of human brain physiology are associated with chronotype","volume":"12","author":"Salehinejad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X22002364?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X22002364?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T14:20:47Z","timestamp":1761834047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1935861X22002364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935861X22002364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-861X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) for the enhancement of working memory \u2013 A systematic review and meta-analysis of healthy adults","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Stimulation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}