{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T02:30:12Z","timestamp":1793673012075,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2023R1A2C2006414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2023R1A2C2006414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C1101082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C1101082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["- 2023R1A2C2006414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["- 2023R1A2C2006414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["- 2020R1A2C1101082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["- 2020R1A2C1101082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brainstimjrnl.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T07:04:22Z","timestamp":1756451062000},"page":"1620-1631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of atorvastatin-loaded PEGylated liposomes delivered by magnetic stimulation for stroke treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ji-Hye","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4077-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ja-Hae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8038-4180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiz Ashfaq","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0518-8343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hohyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raveena","family":"Nagareddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8851-2104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang-Ho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungwon","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Yeon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001052","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke Statistics-2022 update: a report from the American heart association","volume":"145","author":"Tsao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib2","article-title":"Noninvasive brain stimulation for neurorehabilitation in post-stroke patients","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.043164","article-title":"Electric field navigated 1-Hz rTMS for poststroke motor recovery: the E-FIT randomized controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Edwards","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02507-0","article-title":"Cerebellar deep brain stimulation for chronic post-stroke motor rehabilitation: a phase I trial","volume":"29","author":"Baker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000158","article-title":"2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American heart association\/american stroke association","volume":"49","author":"Powers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00163-X","article-title":"Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials","volume":"387","author":"Goyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e364","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000375","article-title":"2021 guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline from the American heart association\/american stroke association","volume":"52","author":"Kleindorfer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-4572.2008.07967.x","article-title":"High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack: the stroke prevention by aggressive reduction in cholesterol levels (SPARCL) investigators","volume":"3","author":"Karam","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cardiometab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487313480435","article-title":"Comparative benefits of statins in the primary and secondary prevention of major coronary events and all-cause mortality: a network meta-analysis of placebo-controlled and active-comparator trials","volume":"20","author":"Naci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27121","article-title":"Liposomal nanocarriers for statins: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics appraisal","volume":"234","author":"Askarizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16076","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c04753","article-title":"Targeted treatment of ischemic stroke by bioactive nanoparticle-derived reactive oxygen species responsive and inflammation-resolving nanotherapies","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.27069","article-title":"Magnetothermal genetic deep brain stimulation of motor behaviors in awake, freely moving mice","volume":"6","author":"Munshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261821","article-title":"Wireless magnetothermal deep brain stimulation","volume":"347","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4988","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31979-w","article-title":"Magnetothermal-based non-invasive focused magnetic stimulation for functional recovery in chronic stroke treatment","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-023-01125-9","article-title":"Treatment of ischemic stroke by atorvastatin-loaded PEGylated liposome","volume":"15","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03632.x","article-title":"The effect of PARP inhibitor on ischaemic cell death, its related inflammation and survival signals","volume":"20","author":"Koh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094385","article-title":"The effects of atorvastatin on global cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal death","volume":"22","author":"Kho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.128220","article-title":"Atorvastatin protects against cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects","volume":"9","author":"Tu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.01.042","article-title":"Intravenous statin administration during myocardial infarction compared with oral post-infarct administration","volume":"75","author":"Mendieta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5c00178","article-title":"Weak radiofrequency field effects on biological systems mediated through the radical pair mechanism","author":"Gerhards","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.01.010","article-title":"Estimation of the optimum number and location of nanoparticle injections and the specific loss power for ideal hyperthermia","volume":"72","author":"Boroon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.08.011","article-title":"Focused magnetic stimulation for motor recovery after stroke","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.004","article-title":"Permeability of the blood-brain barrier depends on brain temperature","volume":"161","author":"Kiyatkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000087800.56290.2E","article-title":"Kappa-opioid receptor selectivity for ischemic neuroprotection with BRL 52537 in rats","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1994.11.187","article-title":"The rotarod test: an evaluation of its effectiveness in assessing motor deficits following traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Hamm","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.013205","article-title":"Regulation of Caveolin-1 expression determines early brain edema after experimental focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"47","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01828-z","article-title":"Comparative study of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells and brain endothelial cells attenuating blood-brain barrier permeability via regulating Caveolin-1-dependent ZO-1 and Claudin-5 endocytosis in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07542.x","article-title":"Caveolin-1 regulates nitric oxide-mediated matrix metalloproteinases activity and blood-brain barrier permeability in focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury","volume":"120","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67857","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12346","article-title":"Overexpression of caveolin-1 attenuates brain edema by inhibiting tight junction degradation","volume":"7","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39934-z","article-title":"Elastin stabilization prevents impaired biomechanics in human pulmonary arteries and pulmonary hypertension in rats with left heart disease","volume":"14","author":"Kucherenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antib12010009","article-title":"Characterization of active MMP9 in chronic inflammatory diseases using a novel Anti-MMP9 antibody","volume":"12","author":"Velasquez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibodies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(99)00051-4","article-title":"Role of neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in nitric oxide generation in the brain following cerebral ischemia","volume":"1455","author":"Wei","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)50036-0","article-title":"Neural plasticity and recovery of function","volume":"150","author":"Ward","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euab065","article-title":"European heart rhythm association practical guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"23","author":"Steffel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14678","article-title":"Rapid degeneration of neurons in the penumbra region following a small, focal ischemic stroke","volume":"52","author":"Fifield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abk0135","article-title":"Inhibition of the enzyme autotaxin reduces cortical excitability and ameliorates the outcome in stroke","volume":"14","author":"Bitar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106233","article-title":"Preventing development of post-stroke hyperexcitability by optogenetic or pharmacological stimulation of cortical excitatory activity","volume":"184","author":"Adhikari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00772-1","article-title":"Glycyrrhizin prevents hemorrhagic transformation and improves neurological outcome in ischemic stroke with delayed thrombolysis through targeting peroxynitrite-mediated HMGB1 signaling","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-014-0085-7","article-title":"Statin treatment affects cytokine release and phagocytic activity in primary cultured microglia through two separable mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Churchward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8880","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.15.8880","article-title":"Stroke protection by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitors mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase","volume":"95","author":"Endres","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.154492","article-title":"Statin treatment and 3' polyadenylation of eNOS mRNA","volume":"27","author":"Kosmidou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.05.008","article-title":"Transcranial pulsed ultrasound stimulates intact brain circuits","volume":"66","author":"Tufail","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v017a02","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates cell proliferation, proteoglycan synthesis and expression of growth factor-related genes in human nucleus pulposus cell line","volume":"17","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Cell Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030780","article-title":"Nanotechnology in stroke: new trails with smaller scales","volume":"11","author":"Toljan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010787","article-title":"Nanoparticles in clinical trials: analysis of clinical trials, FDA approvals and use for COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"24","author":"Namiot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16101424","article-title":"Liposome-derived nanosystems for the treatment of behavioral and neurodegenerative diseases: the promise of niosomes, transfersomes, and ethosomes for increased brain drug bioavailability","volume":"16","author":"Pires","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.105","article-title":"Atorvastatin extends the therapeutic window for tPA to 6 h after the onset of embolic stroke in rats","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cerebr Blood Flow Metabol"}],"container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X25003171?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X25003171?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T14:50:22Z","timestamp":1772895022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1935861X25003171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935861X25003171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-861X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of atorvastatin-loaded PEGylated liposomes delivered by magnetic stimulation for stroke treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Stimulation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}