{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:00:51Z","timestamp":1790150451388,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA030572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA030572"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brainstimjrnl.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:10:11Z","timestamp":1786979411000},"page":"103190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Image-guided low-intensity focused ultrasound neuromodulation: acoustic targeting optimization and functional validation in a reward circuit model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1257-6899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudeep","family":"Mondal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Gulick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Czuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shixie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huabei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13081889","article-title":"Focused modulation of brain activity: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Zhantleuova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1385427","article-title":"Opportunities and obstacles in non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"18","author":"Toth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28040-1","article-title":"Focused ultrasound excites cortical neurons via mechanosensitive calcium accumulation and ion channel amplification","volume":"13","author":"Yoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib4","first-page":"72","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of noninvasive brain stimulation with weak non-constant Current stimulation approaches","volume":"18","author":"Shirehjini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.04.028","article-title":"Efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation targets for depression is related to intrinsic functional connectivity with the subgenual cingulate","volume":"72","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq3868","article-title":"Solving brain circuit function and dysfunction with computational modeling and optogenetic fMRI","volume":"378","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01792-6","article-title":"Brain network dysfunctions in addiction: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"12","author":"Tolomeo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limbic-cortical dysregulation: a proposed model of depression n.d. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/jnp.9.3.471.","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.9.3.471"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1466506","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of low-intensity focused ultrasound for treating substance use disorder","volume":"15","author":"Olaitan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2003.11.001","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease","volume":"13","author":"Benabid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-996-0028-9","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"3","author":"Roth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13081889","article-title":"Focused modulation of brain activity: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Zhantleuova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.06.037","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for smoking cessation: an introduction for primary care clinicians","volume":"134","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib15","series-title":"Magnetic stimulation in clinical neurophysiology","author":"Hallett","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00426-z","article-title":"Technology of deep brain stimulation: current status and future directions","volume":"17","author":"Krauss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.06.026","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primer","volume":"55","author":"Hallett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116183","article-title":"Accessibility of cortical regions to focal TES: dependence on spatial position, safety, and practical constraints","volume":"203","author":"Saturnino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v2.i1.8","article-title":"High intensity focused ultrasound in clinical tumor ablation","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(01)00389-1","article-title":"Pathological changes in human malignant carcinoma treated with high-intensity focused ultrasound","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.12.468","article-title":"Evaluation of temperature elevation associated with low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) stimulation with or without a deep brain electrode","volume":"18","author":"Rao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib23","series-title":"ITRUSST Consensus on biophysical safety for transcranial ultrasound stimulation","author":"Aubry","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/8\/301","article-title":"A non-invasive method for focusing ultrasound through the human skull","volume":"47","author":"Clement","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa843e","article-title":"Numerical evaluation of the skull for human neuromodulation with transcranial focused ultrasound","volume":"14","author":"Mueller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04529-6","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier opening in Alzheimer's disease using MR-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"9","author":"Lipsman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BBB opening with focused ultrasound in nonhuman primates and Parkinson's disease patients: targeted AAV vector delivery and PET imaging n.d. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.adf4888.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf4888"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e751","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(25)00174-4","article-title":"National, regional, and global statistics on alcohol consumption and associated burden of disease 2000\u201320: a modelling study and comparative risk assessment","volume":"10","author":"Shield","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.19761","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder","volume":"330","author":"McPheeters","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.165","article-title":"Ventral tegmental area: cellular heterogeneity, connectivity and behaviour","volume":"18","author":"Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1406","article-title":"Dopamine, learning and motivation","volume":"5","author":"Wise","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.32","article-title":"Diversity of dopaminergic neural circuits in response to drug exposure","volume":"41","author":"Juarez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17569","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3250-13.2013","article-title":"New insights into the specificity and plasticity of reward and aversion encoding in the mesolimbic System","volume":"33","author":"Volman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib34","first-page":"607","article-title":"ITRUSST consensus on standardised reporting for transcranial ultrasound stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul Basic Transl Clin Res Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib35","article-title":"Noninvasive in vivo optoacoustic imaging of alcohol use disorder using a mouse model of alcohol use disorder","author":"Meombe","year":"2022","journal-title":"USF Tampa Grad Theses Diss"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib36","first-page":"1896","article-title":"ITRUSST consensus on biophysical safety for transcranial ultrasound stimulation","volume":"18","author":"Aubry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul Basic Transl Clin Res Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12216","article-title":"Selectively bred crossed high-alcohol-preferring mice drink to intoxication and develop functional tolerance, but not Locomotor sensitization during free-choice ethanol access","volume":"38","author":"Matson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib38","series-title":"Circadian clock brain health Dis.","first-page":"57","article-title":"The brain's reward System in health and disease","author":"Lewis","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1261-9","article-title":"Specialized coding of sensory, motor and cognitive variables in VTA dopamine neurons","volume":"570","author":"Engelhard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib40","series-title":"Paxinos and Franklin's the mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates","author":"Paxinos","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.08.001","article-title":"Ultrasound insertion loss of rat parietal bone appears to be proportional to animal mass at submegahertz frequencies","volume":"37","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5817","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.501277","article-title":"Deep learning on photoacoustic tomography to remove image distortion due to inaccurate measurement of the scanning radius","volume":"14","author":"Mondal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/adaf29","article-title":"Deep learning aided determination of the optimal number of detectors for photoacoustic tomography","volume":"11","author":"Mondal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed Phys Eng Express"}],"container-title":["Brain Stimulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X26001671?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1935861X26001671?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:08:07Z","timestamp":1790147287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1935861X26001671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935861X26001671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-861X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Image-guided low-intensity focused ultrasound neuromodulation: acoustic targeting optimization and functional validation in a reward circuit model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Brain Stimulation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2026.103190","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103190"}}