{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T19:27:11Z","timestamp":1787686031157,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFC0842100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFC0842100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biosafety and Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T20:37:18Z","timestamp":1783629438000},"page":"265-275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systematic optimization of a domestic nose-only aerosol exposure system for respiratory pathogen research in nonhuman primates"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7805-8869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingni","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanlu","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanlang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaili","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuli","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5076-3215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zejun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6558","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd9149","article-title":"Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses","volume":"373","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.49.2.220","article-title":"Macaque models of human infectious disease","volume":"49","author":"Gardner","year":"2008","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052903","article-title":"Animals in respiratory research","volume":"25","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2021.04.010","article-title":"Non-human primate models of human respiratory infections","volume":"135","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2015.11.004","article-title":"Route of delivery to the airway influences the distribution of pulmonary disease but not the outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in Rhesus macaques","volume":"96","author":"Sibley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0030","unstructured":"The United States Food and Drug Administration. Product development under the animal rule . https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/product-development-under-animal-rule, 2015 (accessed 10 October 2025)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230601060017","article-title":"Inhalation exposure systems: Design, methods and operation","volume":"35","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0040","article-title":"Inhalation toxicology methods: the generation and characterization of exposure atmospheres and inhalational exposures","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Toxicol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3109\/15376519509049118","article-title":"Inhalation exposure systems","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.761617","article-title":"Inhalation exposure of animals","volume":"16","author":"Phalen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Phalen, L. M\u00e9ndez, M. Oldham, Nose-only aerosol exposure systems: Design, operation, and performance, in: B. Salem, S. A. Katz (Eds.) Inhalation Toxicology (3rd Edition), Boca Raton, 2014, pp.43-56, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/b16781-3.","DOI":"10.1201\/b16781-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2015.10.004","article-title":"Ultra low dose aerosol challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to divergent outcomes in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques","volume":"96","author":"Sharpe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb.)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2009.09.002","article-title":"Determination of lesion volume by MRI and stereology in a macaque model of tuberculosis","volume":"89","author":"Sharpe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb.)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246366","article-title":"Development of a coronavirus disease 2019 nonhuman primate model using airborne exposure","volume":"16","author":"Johnston","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0075","first-page":"e00198","article-title":"Development, characterization, and standardization of a nose-only inhalation exposure system for exposure of rabbits to small-particle aerosols containing francisella tularensis","volume":"87","author":"O'Malley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.C. Hierholzer, R.A. Killington, Virus isolation and quantitation, in: B.W.J. Mahy, H.O. Kangro (Eds.), Virology Methods Manual, Academic Press, London, 1996, pp. 25-46, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-012465330-6\/50003-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012465330-6\/50003-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2015.1250","article-title":"Optimization and dose estimation of aerosol delivery to non-human primates","volume":"29","author":"MacLoughlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv."},{"issue":"7813","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2271-3","article-title":"Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals","volume":"582","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2008.11.002","article-title":"Size distribution and sites of origin of droplets expelled from the human respiratory tract during expiratory activities","volume":"40","author":"Morawska","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2007.0610","article-title":"The size and concentration of droplets generated by coughing in human subjects","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2024.106487","article-title":"Influencing factors analysis of infectious SARS-CoV-2 aerosols sampling","volume":"183","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008903","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection of african green monkeys results in mild respiratory disease discernible by PET\/CT imaging and shedding of infectious virus from both respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts","volume":"16","author":"Hartman","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00747","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00747-19","article-title":"A vibrating mesh nebulizer as an alternative to the collison three-jet nebulizer for infectious disease aerobiology","volume":"85","author":"Bowling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030639","article-title":"Characterisation of particle size and viability of SARS-CoV-2 aerosols from a range of nebuliser types using a novel sampling technique","volume":"14","author":"Paton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Alsved, L. Bourouiba, C. Duchaine, J. L\u00f6ndahl, L.C. Marr, S.T. Parker, A.J. Prussin Li, R.J. Thomas, Natural sources and experimental generation of bioaerosols: Challenges and perspectives, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 54(5) (2020) 547-571, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786826.2019.1682509.","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2019.1682509"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Niazi, K. Philp Lisa, K. Spann, R. Johnson Graham, Utility of three nebulizers in investigating the infectivity of airborne viruses, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 87(16) (2021) e00497-21, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.00497-21.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00497-21"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/089583701750127412","article-title":"A nonhuman primate aerosol deposition model for toxicological and pharmaceutical studies","volume":"13","author":"Martonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2020.29029.cd","article-title":"Deposition mechanisms","volume":"33","author":"Darquenne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.03.017","article-title":"Bioaerosol sampling: Sampling mechanisms, bioefficiency and field studies","volume":"93","author":"Haig","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009865","article-title":"Seroconversion and fever are dose-dependent in a nonhuman primate model of inhalational COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Dabisch","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0155","first-page":"227","article-title":"Lethal experimental infections of rhesus monkeys by aerosolized Ebola virus","volume":"76","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.05.002","article-title":"Aerosol exposure to Zaire ebolavirus in three nonhuman primate species: Differences in disease course and clinical pathology","volume":"13","author":"Reed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.201664","article-title":"Small particle aerosol exposure of african green monkeys to MERS-CoV as a model for highly pathogenic coronavirus infection","volume":"26","author":"Totura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00117","article-title":"Inhalational monkeypox virus infection in cynomolgus macaques","volume":"2","author":"Barnewall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018564","article-title":"Modeling tuberculosis in nonhuman primates","volume":"4","author":"Scanga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00079-10","article-title":"Establishment of an aerosol challenge model of tuberculosis in rhesus macaques and an evaluation of endpoints for vaccine testing","volume":"17","author":"Sharpe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."}],"container-title":["Biosafety and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590053626001102?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590053626001102?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T19:17:23Z","timestamp":1787685443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2590053626001102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S2590053626001102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2590-0536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2590-0536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Systematic optimization of a domestic nose-only aerosol exposure system for respiratory pathogen research in nonhuman primates","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biosafety and Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bsheal.2026.07.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Medical Association Publishing House Co. Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}