{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T09:09:30Z","timestamp":1771924170632,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Tunisia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biotechnology Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T19:33:24Z","timestamp":1562355204000},"page":"e00360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Enhancing the detection of Toxoplasma gondii via an anti-SAG1 scFv-alkaline phosphatase immunoconjugate"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Emna","family":"Hannachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A\u00efda","family":"Bouratbine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Mousli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.3.607-623.2000","article-title":"Lytic cycle of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"64","author":"Black","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.5.1057","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of toxoplasmic encephalitis","volume":"170","author":"Hunter","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/15.2.211","article-title":"Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS","volume":"15","author":"Luft","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.02.026","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in sheep\u2b1dthe last 20 years","volume":"163","author":"Dubey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2013.825441","article-title":"Human toxoplasmosis: which biological diagnostic tests are best suited to which clinical situations?","volume":"11","author":"Murat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00487-16","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"54","author":"Pomares","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.09.009","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection: recommendations from the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis","volume":"84","author":"Villard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5897\/CRO11.022","article-title":"Recent trends in the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis","volume":"5","author":"Sudan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Opinions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181586052","article-title":"Early and accurate diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"27","author":"Ciardelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4236\/abb.2013.44A008","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody and its use in the diagnosis of livestock diseases","volume":"4","author":"Deb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Biosci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0055","series-title":"The Immunoassay Handbook: Theory and Applications of Ligand Binding, ELISA and Related Techniques","author":"Wild","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3390\/antib4030197","article-title":"Antibody conjugates: from heterogeneous populations to defined reagents","volume":"4","author":"Dennler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antibodies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(93)90034-K","article-title":"Use of genetically prepared enzyme conjugates in enzyme immunoassay","volume":"18","author":"Lindbladh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2011.12.042","article-title":"Generation of single-chain bispecific green fluorescent protein fusion antibodies for imaging of antibody-induced T cell synapses","volume":"423","author":"Stamova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12387","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b04015","article-title":"Gaussia luciferase as a genetic fusion partner with antibody fragments for sensitive immunoassay monitoring of clinical biomarkers","volume":"87","author":"Oyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2016.03.001","article-title":"Immunodetection of the \"brown\" spider (Loxosceles intermedia) dermonecrotoxin with an scFv-alkaline phosphatase fusion protein","volume":"173","author":"Jiacomini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9040145","article-title":"A simple and specific noncompetitive ELISA method for HT-2 toxin detection","volume":"9","author":"Arola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018463804651","article-title":"Engineering of a bioluminescent antigen-binding protein","volume":"19","author":"Billiald","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2007.07.015","article-title":"Recombinant single-chain Fv antibody fragment-alkaline phosphatase conjugate: a novel in vitro tool to estimate rabies viral glycoprotein antigen in vaccine manufacture","volume":"146","author":"Mousli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3505","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b05325","article-title":"Fluorescence immunoassay based on the phosphate-triggered fluorescence turn-on detection of alkaline phosphatase","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0105","article-title":"Enzyme\u2b3dlinked immunosorbent assays","volume":"1","author":"Hornbeck","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1999.4202","article-title":"Fluorogenic substrates based on fluorinated umbelliferones for continuous assays of phosphatases and beta-galactosidases","volume":"273","author":"Gee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0115","first-page":"101","article-title":"Expression of recombinant alkaline phosphatase conjugates in Escherichia coli","volume":"267","author":"Boulain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)90033-7","article-title":"Epitopic analysis of the Toxoplasma gondii major surface antigen SAG1","volume":"66","author":"Velge-Roussel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i15.2363","article-title":"Biological role of surface Toxoplasma gondii antigen in development of vaccine","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.41.2.683-690.1983","article-title":"Identification of an antigen-specific immunoglobulin M antibody associated with acute Toxoplasma infection","volume":"41","author":"Erlich","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00512-12","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant SAG1 antigen to detect Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in human sera and saliva","volume":"20","author":"Chahed Bel-Ochi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/157.1.7","article-title":"Western blot analysis of the antibody response of patients with AIDS and toxoplasma encephalitis: antigenic diversity among Toxoplasma strains","volume":"157","author":"Weiss","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.2307\/3285739","article-title":"Infection and immunity with the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii in rats and mice","volume":"85","author":"Dubey","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.06.002","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: the immunogenic and protective efficacy of recombinant ROP2 and ROP4 rhoptry proteins in murine experimental toxoplasmosis","volume":"123","author":"Dziadek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.09.028","article-title":"Crystal structure of the complex between the monomeric form of Toxoplasma gondii surface antigen 1 (SAG1) and a monoclonal antibody that mimics the human immune response","volume":"354","author":"Graille","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0160","series-title":"Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual","author":"Sambrook","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2015.1116657","article-title":"A method to confer Protein L binding ability to any antibody fragment","volume":"8","author":"Lakhrif","year":"2016","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3285470","article-title":"Assembly of a functional immunoglobulin Fv fragment in Escherichia coli","volume":"240","author":"Skerra","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00170-8","article-title":"Identification of a 200- to 300-fold repetitive 529 bp DNA fragment in Toxoplasma gondii, and its use for diagnostic and quantitative PCR","volume":"30","author":"Homan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181b20ed1","article-title":"Clinical relevance of placenta examination for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"29","author":"Robert-Gangneux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(93)90273-A","article-title":"Purification of antibodies using protein L-binding framework structures in the light chain variable domain","volume":"164","author":"Nilson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.62229","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies as diagnostics; an appraisal","volume":"72","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2016.11.008","article-title":"Recombinant antibody fragment production","volume":"116","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/518027a","article-title":"Reproducibility: standardize antibodies used in research","volume":"518","author":"Bradbury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/980250","article-title":"scFv antibody: principles and clinical application","volume":"2012","author":"Ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-6-46","article-title":"A simple vector system to improve performance and utilisation of recombinant antibodies","volume":"6","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.19449","article-title":"Impact of linker and conjugation chemistry on antigen binding, Fc receptor binding and thermal stability of model antibody-drug conjugates","volume":"4","author":"Acchione","year":"2012","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/581093","article-title":"Several affinity tags commonly used in chromatographic purification","volume":"2013","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(00)00086-6","article-title":"Relative position of the hexahistidine tag effects binding properties of a tumor-associated single-chain Fv construct","volume":"1523","author":"Goel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-002-1158-6","article-title":"Overview of tag protein fusions: from molecular and biochemical fundamentals to commercial systems","volume":"60","author":"Terpe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-2126(01)00630-X","article-title":"Complex between Peptostreptococcus magnus protein L and a human antibody reveals structural convergence in the interaction modes of Fab binding proteins","volume":"9","author":"Graille","year":"2001","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0240","first-page":"93","article-title":"Western blotting for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"34","author":"Magi","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2006.04.012","article-title":"Inexpensive chemifluorescent detection of antibody-alkaline phosphatase conjugates on Western blots using 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate","volume":"361","author":"Weiland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1719-1722.2004","article-title":"Comparison of two widely used PCR primer systems for detection of Toxoplasma in amniotic fluid, blood, and tissues","volume":"42","author":"Chabbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.11.016","article-title":"Evaluation of a Real-time PCR-based assay using the lightcycler system for detection of Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite genes in blood specimens from patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis","volume":"35","author":"Contini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(92)90258-U","article-title":"A sensitive competitive ELISA for 2,4-dinitrophenol using 3,6-fluorescein diphosphate as a fluorogenic substrate","volume":"149","author":"Huang","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-015-0250-y","article-title":"A new generation of versatile chromogenic substrates for high-throughput analysis of biomass-degrading enzymes","volume":"8","author":"Kra\u013dun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00930-1","article-title":"Novel fitc-labeled igy antibody: fluorescence imaging toxoplasma gondii in vitro","volume":"7","author":"Sert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2020.e00582","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000}}],"container-title":["Biotechnology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2215017X19302474?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2215017X19302474?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T06:01:38Z","timestamp":1762408898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2215017X19302474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S2215017X19302474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360","relation":{},"ISSN":["2215-017X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2215-017X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Enhancing the detection of Toxoplasma gondii via an anti-SAG1 scFv-alkaline phosphatase immunoconjugate","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biotechnology Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00360","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e00360"}}