{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:09:18Z","timestamp":1790363358863,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Building and Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,15]],"date-time":"2011-04-15T12:22:59Z","timestamp":1302870179000},"page":"1928-1936","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Quantify impacted scope of human expired air under different head postures and varying exhalation rates"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Tengfei (Tim)","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shugang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib1","series-title":"Update on H1N1 flu virus - (human swine flu)","author":"Hennebery","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib2","series-title":"WHO guidelines for the global surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib3","series-title":"Learning from SARS: preparing for the next disease outbreak \u2013 workshop summary","author":"Knobler","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2006.00445.x","article-title":"Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment-a multidisciplinary systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib5","unstructured":"http:\/\/normalbreathing.com\/patterns-oxygen-extraction.php, [accessed in December 2010]."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2006.00432.x","article-title":"Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection?","volume":"16","author":"Morawska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2009.00626.x","article-title":"Some questions on dispersion of human exhaled droplets in ventilation room: answers from numerical investigation","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2004.09.018","article-title":"Numerical study of the transport of droplets or particles generated by respiratory system indoors","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2005.06.024","article-title":"Study on transport characteristics of saliva droplets produced by coughing in a calm indoor environment","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2009.00623.x","article-title":"Characterizing exhaled airflow from breathing and talking","volume":"20","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2010.00676.x","article-title":"Transport of expiratory droplets in an aircraft cabin","volume":"21","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2006.00451.x","article-title":"Measurement and prediction of indoor air quality using a breathing thermal manikin","volume":"17","author":"Melikov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2005.05.014","article-title":"Transient CFD simulation of the respiration process and inter-person exposure assessment","volume":"41","author":"Gao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib14","first-page":"299","article-title":"On particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements in the breathing zone of a thermal breathing manikin","volume":"111","author":"Marr","year":"2005","journal-title":"ASHRAE Transactions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2004.00283.x","article-title":"Analysis and design of micro-climate around the human body with respiration by CFD","volume":"14","author":"Murakami","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2004.11.009","article-title":"Study on inhalation region by means of CFD analysis and experiment","volume":"40","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib17","series-title":"Engineering physiology \u2013 bases of human factors\/ergonomics","author":"Kroemer","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03181599","article-title":"A\u00a0visual description of the convective flow filed around the head of a human","volume":"8","author":"\u00d6zcan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Visualization"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0668.2002.08126.x","article-title":"Dispersal of exhaled air and personal exposure in displacement ventilated rooms","volume":"12","author":"Bj\u00f8rn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1142-1","article-title":"Breathing thermal manikins for indoor environment assessment: important characteristics and requirements","volume":"92","author":"Melikov","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02094938","article-title":"Mechanical aspects of coughing","volume":"152","author":"Evans","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pneumonologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02184460","article-title":"Temperature of expired air under varying climatic conditions","volume":"25","author":"H\u00f6ppe","year":"1981","journal-title":"International Journal of Biometeorology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib23","first-page":"104","article-title":"Examination of free convection around occupant\u2019s body caused by its metabolic heat","volume":"94","author":"Homma","year":"1988","journal-title":"ASHRAE Transactions"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2008.12.009","article-title":"Transport of particulate and gaseous pollutants in the vicinity of a human body","volume":"44","author":"Rim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/40.1.57","article-title":"Air movement around a worker in a low-speed flow field","volume":"40","author":"Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annals of Occupational Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib26","first-page":"393","article-title":"CFD analysis of wind environment around a human body","volume":"83","author":"Murakami","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib27","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of thermal plumes formed above a thermal manikin and humans \u2013 the pilot study results","author":"Bogdan","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/10407799508928838","article-title":"Comparison of different k-\u03b5 models for indoor air flow computations","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1080\/10789669.2007.10391460","article-title":"Evaluation of various turbulence models in predicting airflow and turbulence in enclosed environments by CFD: part-2: comparison with experimental data from literature","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"HVAC&R Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1063\/1.858424","article-title":"Development of turbulence models for shear flows by a double expansion technique","volume":"4","author":"Yakhot","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physics of Fluids, Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib31","series-title":"Proceedings of the 11th international conference on air distribution in rooms","first-page":"1285","article-title":"Two simplified manikins for indoor environment assessment","author":"Zhang","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014_bib32","first-page":"421","article-title":"Improved performance of personalized ventilation by control of the convection flow around occupant body","volume":"115","author":"Bolashikov","year":"2009","journal-title":"ASHRAE Transactions"}],"container-title":["Building and Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360132311000928?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360132311000928?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T09:22:11Z","timestamp":1543828931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360132311000928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0360132311000928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-1323"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-1323","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}}}