{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T02:11:40Z","timestamp":1779934300474,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010242","name":"Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021K069A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021K069A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010242","name":"Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1103000286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1103000286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52108084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52108084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M680886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M680886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Building and Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T11:08:59Z","timestamp":1636369739000},"page":"108543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Evaluation of airborne particle exposure for riding elevators"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"207","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3166-1701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8994-9882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingwang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8360-3952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murilo W.","family":"Bonilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tricia","family":"Derwinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6276-9726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James T.","family":"Auxier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09296-y","article-title":"The evidence of indirect transmission of SARS-CoV-2 reported in Guangzhou, China","volume":"20","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101816","article-title":"Potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on a flight from Singapore to Hangzhou, China: an epidemiological investigation","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trav. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2611.203299","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV 2 during long-haul flight","volume":"26","author":"Khanh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.203910","article-title":"Flight-associated transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 corroborated by whole-genome sequencing","volume":"26(12)","author":"Speake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.107788","article-title":"Probable airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a poorly ventilated restaurant","volume":"196","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib8","series-title":"Presymptomatic Transmission of COVID-19 in a Cluster of Cases Occurred in Confined Space: a Case Report","author":"Liu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib9","series-title":"Modes of Transmission of Virus Causing COVID-19: Implications for IPC Precaution Recommendations: Scientific Brief, 27 March 2020","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109861","article-title":"Influence of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on COVID-19 pandemic. A review","volume":"188","author":"Domingo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2020.04.0158","article-title":"A letter about the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 based on the current evidence","volume":"20","author":"Hadei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12458","article-title":"Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: theoretical considerations and available evidence","volume":"324(5)","author":"Klompas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib13","series-title":"Mitigating COVID-19 Infection Disease Transmission in Indoor Environment Using Physical Barriers","author":"Ren","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.110883","article-title":"Occupant-density-detection based energy efficient ventilation system: prevention of infection transmission","volume":"240","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.106991","article-title":"Experimental and numerical study of potential infection risks from exposure to bioaerosols in one BSL-3 laboratory","volume":"179","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102446","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 presented in the air of an intensive care unit (ICU)","volume":"65","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainable cities and society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107402","article-title":"Experimental and numerical study on the transport of droplet aerosols generated by occupants in a fever clinic","volume":"187","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107206","article-title":"Evaluation of cough-jet effects on the transport characteristics of respiratory-induced contaminants in airline passengers' local environments","volume":"183","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147764","article-title":"Natural ventilation strategy and related issues to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) airborne transmission in a school building","volume":"789","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib20","series-title":"Closed Environments Facilitate Secondary Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","author":"Nishiura","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib21","first-page":"903","article-title":"Effects of ventilation on the indoor spread of COVID-19","author":"Bhagat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101704","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0029186","article-title":"Reducing chances of COVID-19 infection by a cough cloud in a closed space","volume":"32","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103102","article-title":"Experimental study on the control effect of different ventilation systems on fine particles in a simulated hospital ward","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib24","first-page":"1321","article-title":"Association of the infection probability of COVID-19 with ventilation rates in confined spaces. Building simulation","volume":"13","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tsinghua University Press"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.07.049","article-title":"The impact of scaling and body movement on contaminant transport in airliner cabins","volume":"45","author":"Mazumdar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12208","article-title":"Experimental investigation into the interaction between the human body and room airflow and its effect on thermal comfort under stratum ventilation","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.04.053","article-title":"Flow and contaminant transport in an airliner cabin induced by a moving body: model experiments and CFD predictions","volume":"44","author":"Poussou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2011.00741.x","article-title":"Large\u2010eddy simulation of human\u2010induced contaminant transport in room compartments","volume":"22","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.106545","article-title":"Indoor particle inhalability of a stationary and moving manikin","volume":"169","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.04.015","article-title":"Predictions and measurements of the stack effect on indoorairborne virus transmission in a high-rise hospital building","volume":"46","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2020.105661","article-title":"Risk assessment of airborne transmission of COVID-19 by asymptomatic individuals under different practical settings","volume":"151","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0038180","article-title":"On airborne virus transmission in elevators and confined spaces","volume":"33","author":"Dbouk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.004","article-title":"Respiratory virus infections: understanding COVID-19","volume":"52","author":"Subbarao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7930(94)00032-T","article-title":"A new k-\u03b5 eddy viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flows","volume":"24","author":"Shih","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comput. Fluid"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12208","article-title":"Experimental investigation into the interaction between the human body and room airflow and its effect on thermal comfort under stratum ventilation","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2010.00676.x","article-title":"Transport of expiratory particles in an aircraft cabin","volume":"21","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2009.00626.x","article-title":"Some questions on dispersion of human exhaled droplets in ventilation room: answers from numerical investigation","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2003.08.002","article-title":"Comparison of indoor aerosol particle concentration and deposition in different ventilated rooms by numerical method","volume":"39","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829208959550","article-title":"Dispersion and deposition of spherical particles from point sources in a turbulent channel flow","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.10.234","article-title":"CFD simulation of cooking particle distribution and motion","volume":"205","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00936835","article-title":"On predicting particle-laden turbulent flows","volume":"52","author":"Elghobashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib43","series-title":"User's and Theory Guide","author":"Ansys Fluent","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib44","series-title":"User's Guide","author":"Gambit CFD","year":"1998"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/10789669.2013.803384","article-title":"Thermal environment around passengers in an aircraft cabin","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"HVAC R Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2008.10.003","article-title":"Characterization of expiration air jets and particle size distributions immediately at the mouth opening","volume":"40","author":"Chao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.106244","article-title":"Indoor airflow and contaminant transport in a room with coupled displacement ventilation and passive-chilled-beam systems","volume":"161","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103408","article-title":"Effective ventilation and air disinfection system for reducing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection risk in office buildings","volume":"75","author":"Srivastava","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12578","article-title":"Evaluating the commercial airliner cabin environment with different air distribution systems","volume":"29","author":"You","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.01.014","article-title":"Experimental measurements and numerical simulations of particle transport and distribution in ventilated rooms","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002691","article-title":"Influenza virus in human exhaled breath: an observational study","volume":"3","author":"Fabian","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543_bib52","first-page":"144","article-title":"Benchmark test for a computer simulated person","volume":"14","author":"Nielsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indoor Air"}],"container-title":["Building and Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360132321009367?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360132321009367?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T08:28:56Z","timestamp":1778747336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360132321009367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0360132321009367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-1323"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-1323","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluation of airborne particle exposure for riding elevators","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Building and Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108543","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108543"}}