{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:27:10Z","timestamp":1790486830299,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T19:14:39Z","timestamp":1641842079000},"page":"102093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Trends in Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) testing and prostate cancer incidence and mortality in Australia: A critical analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Thanya","family":"Pathirana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehan","family":"Sequeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Del Mar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Dickinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce K.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katy J.L.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Glasziou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib1","series-title":"Australian Cancer Incidence and Mortality (ACIM) books: Prostate cancer","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)35233-3","article-title":"Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men","volume":"151","author":"Catalona","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1998.tb141471.x","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen testing in Australia and association with prostate cancer incidence in New South Wales","volume":"169","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq099","article-title":"Overdiagnosis in Cancer","volume":"102","author":"Welch","year":"2010","journal-title":"JNCI J. Nat. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib5","unstructured":"Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia and Cancer Council Australia. Clinical practice guidelines PSA Testing and Early Management of Test-Detected Prostate Cancer. Sydney: Cancer Council Australia."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/82.20.1624","article-title":"Rise in prostatic cancer incidence associated with increased use of transurethral resection","volume":"82","author":"Potosky","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib7","unstructured":"Department of Health: Therapeutic Goods Administration. Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) 2015.\u00a0https:\/\/www.ebs.tga.gov.au\/."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2018.045","article-title":"Drugs for benign prostatic hypertrophy","volume":"41","author":"Jiwrajka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. Prescr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib9","unstructured":"Department of Human Services. Medicare Item Reports Australia: Australian Government; 2015 [11 March 2015]. Available from: http:\/\/medicarestatistics.humanservices.gov.au\/statistics\/mbs_item.jsp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib10","unstructured":"N.P.S. MedicineWise. Dutasteride (Avodart) and dutasteride with tamsulosin (Duodart) for lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia 2011. Available from: https:\/\/www.nps.org.au\/radar\/articles\/dutasteride-avodart-and-dutasteride-with-tamsulosin-duodart-for-lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-due-to-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib11","unstructured":"Australian Government. Medicare statistics 2020 [22nd Feb 2020]. https:\/\/www.servicesaustralia.gov.au\/organisations\/about-us\/statistical-information-and-data\/medicare-statistics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib12","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health. Medicare Benefits Schedule 2011 [http:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/internet\/hta\/publishing.nsf\/Content\/mbs-1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib13","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) 2017 [http:\/\/www.pbs.gov.au\/info\/about-the-pbs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib14","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Demographic Statistics, Sep 2014 Canberra2015. Available from: http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/DetailsPage\/3101.0Sep%202014?OpenDocument."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib15","unstructured":"Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia and Cancer Council Australia PSA Testing Guidelines Expert Advisory Panel, Clinical practice guidelines PSA Testing and Early Management of Test-Detected Prostate Cancer. Sydney: Cancer Council Australia. [Version URL: http:\/\/wiki.cancer.org.au\/australiawiki\/index.php?oldid=211982, cited 2021 Dec 20]. Available from: https:\/\/wiki.cancer.org.au\/australia\/Guidelines:PSA_Testing."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22589-y","article-title":"Factors associated with prostate specific antigen testing in Australians: analysis of the New South Wales 45 and Up Study","volume":"8","author":"Nair-Shalliker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib17","unstructured":"Havard Health Publishing Harvard Medical School. PSA: Prostate-Specific Antigen, Persisting Scientific Ambiguities [7th July 2021]. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/newsletter_article\/PSA-Prostate-Specific-Antigen-Persisting-Scientific-Ambiguities."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010090","article-title":"Role of transurethral resection of the prostate in population-based prostate cancer incidence rates","volume":"150","author":"Merrill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prnil.2015.10.016","article-title":"Incidental prostate cancer in transurethral resection of prostate specimens in men aged up to 65 years","volume":"4","author":"Perera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostate Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1071\/PY13078","article-title":"Prostate cancer testing: a snapshot of the attitudes and practice of Australian general practitioners","volume":"21","author":"Crowe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. J. Prim. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.549","article-title":"Recent decline in prostate cancer incidence in the United States, by age, stage, and Gleason score","volume":"5","author":"Herget","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810084","article-title":"Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized european study","volume":"360","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810696","article-title":"Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial","volume":"360","author":"Andriole","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib24","article-title":"The impact of the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPTSTF) recommendations against prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing on PSA testing in Australia","author":"Zargar","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-2-201207170-00459","article-title":"Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"157","author":"Moyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Int. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.01.030","article-title":"Cancer detection and cancer characteristics in the european randomized study of screening for prostate cancer (ERSPC) \u2013 section rotterdam: a comparison of two rounds of screening","volume":"52","author":"Postma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/95.12.868","article-title":"Lead times and overdetection due to prostate-specific antigen screening: estimates from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer","volume":"95","author":"Draisma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nat. Cancer Inst."},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgs031","article-title":"Overdiagnosis of prostate cancer","volume":"2012","author":"Sandhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp262","article-title":"Contemporary risk profile of prostate cancer in the United States","volume":"101","author":"Shao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1348","article-title":"Outcomes of localized prostate cancer following conservative management","volume":"302","author":"Lu-Yao","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.31.2330","article-title":"Impact of comorbidity on survival among men with localized prostate cancer","volume":"29","author":"Albertsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp278","article-title":"Prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment after the introduction of prostate-specific antigen screening: 1986-2005","volume":"101","author":"Welch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.02.054","article-title":"International variation in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates","volume":"61","author":"Center","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.33.2.03","article-title":"Cancer incidence, mortality and survival trends in Canada, 1970-2007","volume":"33","author":"Kachuri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronic Dis. Inj. Can."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E73","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20140079","article-title":"Trends in prostate cancer incidence and mortality in Canada during the era of prostate-specific antigen screening","volume":"4","author":"Dickinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29894","article-title":"Prostate cancer incidence in 43 populations worldwide: an analysis of time trends overall and by age group","volume":"138","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib37","series-title":"Aging Trends No 6","article-title":"Trends in causes of death among older persons in the United States","author":"Gorina","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1071\/AH13092","article-title":"Quantifying under-reporting of pathology tests in Medical Benefits Schedule claims data","volume":"37","author":"Trevena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Austr. Health Rev."},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.1998.tb01400.x","article-title":"Prostate cancer testing in SA men: influence of sociodemographic factors, health beliefs and LUTS","volume":"22","author":"Weller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Austr. N.Z. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1998.tb141473.x","article-title":"Self-reported prevalence of prostate-specific antigen testing in South Australia: a community study","volume":"169","author":"Pinnock","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1998.00808.x","article-title":"An exploration of screening practices for prostate cancer and the associated community expenditure","volume":"82","author":"Perkins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1998.tb141474.x","article-title":"Do general practitioners use prostate-specific antigen as a screening test for early prostate cancer?","volume":"169","author":"Ward","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1999.tb123594.x","article-title":"Prostate cancer testing: behaviour, motivation and attitudes among Western Australian men","volume":"171","author":"Slevin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmg311","article-title":"GP and patient predictors of PSA screening in Australian general practice","volume":"20","author":"Gattellari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Family Pract."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2007.tb00973.x","article-title":"Cancer screening in Queensland men","volume":"186","author":"Carri\u00e8re","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-144","article-title":"Cancer screening among migrants in an Australian cohort; cross-sectional analyses from the 45 and Up Study","volume":"9","author":"Weber","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11050.x","article-title":"Patterns of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in Australian men: the influence of family history","volume":"109","author":"McDowell","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-14-186","article-title":"Prostate specific antigen testing in family practice: a cross sectional survey of self-reported rates of and reasons for testing participation and risk disclosure","volume":"14","author":"Carey","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Fam. Pract."}],"container-title":["Cancer Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877782121002101?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877782121002101?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T05:30:27Z","timestamp":1761802227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877782121002101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S1877782121002101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-7821"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-7821","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Trends in Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) testing and prostate cancer incidence and mortality in Australia: A critical analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cancer Epidemiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102093","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102093"}}