{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:27:26Z","timestamp":1792124846907,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T01:45:43Z","timestamp":1692323143000},"page":"102439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Lung cancer in nonsmokers- A risk factor analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5195-7932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Albano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1679-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ankit","family":"Dhamija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Mclarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Talavera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther K.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0416-3504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Ashamalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib1","unstructured":"Cancer Stat Facts: lung and bronchus cancer. 2022 10\/26\/2022]; Available from: \u3008https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/lungb.html\u3009."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200809-100TH","article-title":"Smoking and lung cancer: the role of inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Walser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib3","article-title":"Smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer in women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"O'Keeffe","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib4","article-title":"Smoking status among patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer in Taiwan","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib5","unstructured":"Lung Cancer Facts - Lung Cancer Research Foundation. 2022 [cited 2022 10\/26\/2022]; Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.lungcancerresearchfoundation.org\/lung-cancer-facts\/#:\u223c:text=2-,People%20who%20have%20never%20smoked%20account%20for%2020%25%20of%20lung,with%20lung%20cancer%20in%202022\u3009."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1117","article-title":"Screening for lung cancer: US preventive services task force recommendation statement","volume":"325","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1117","article-title":"Screening for lung cancer: US preventive services task force recommendation statement","volume":"325","author":"US Preventive Services Task","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib8","first-page":"375","article-title":"Lung cancer in non-smokers","volume":"117","author":"Dubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mo Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5626","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-0376","article-title":"Lung cancer in never smokers: clinical epidemiology and environmental risk factors","volume":"15","author":"Samet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.6362","article-title":"Proportion of never smokers among men and women with lung cancer in 7 US States","volume":"7","author":"Siegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.102042","article-title":"Short- and long-term survival outcomes among never smokers who developed lung cancer","volume":"75","author":"Nemesure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201504-241OC","article-title":"Survival among never-smokers with lung cancer in the cancer care outcomes research and surveillance study","volume":"13","author":"Cl\u00e9ment-Duch\u00eane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11020204","article-title":"Non-smoking-associated lung cancer: a distinct entity in terms of tumor biology, patient characteristics and impact of hereditary cancer predisposition","volume":"11","author":"Smolle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6207","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.11215","article-title":"Lung adenocarcinoma in never smokers: problems of primary prevention from aspects of susceptible genes and carcinogens","volume":"36","author":"OKAZAKI","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"issue":"7485","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38308.477650.63","article-title":"Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies","volume":"330","author":"Darby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2377.1","article-title":"Radon, smoking and lung cancer risk: results of a joint analysis of three European case-control studies among uranium miners","volume":"176","author":"Leuraud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1979.tb18749.x","article-title":"Asbestos exposure, cigarette smoking and death rates","volume":"330","author":"Hammond","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib18","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency Health Risk of Radon 2022 11\/9\/2022]; Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radon\/health-risk-radon#:\u223c:text=Radon%20is%20the%20number%20one,people%20who%20have%20never%20smoked\u3009."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15091981","article-title":"Exposure to secondhand smoke and risk of cancer in never smokers: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J. Environ. Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2007.11.013","article-title":"Second hand smoke, age of exposure and lung cancer risk","volume":"61","author":"Asomaning","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20001001)88:1<139::AID-IJC22>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke in a non-industrial area of China","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201302-0257OC","article-title":"Asbestos, asbestosis, smoking, and lung cancer. New findings from the North American insulator cohort","volume":"188","author":"Markowitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.58.3.145","article-title":"Relation between exposure to asbestos and smoking jointly and the risk of lung cancer","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.10.462","article-title":"Epidemiology of lung cancer: looking to the future","volume":"23","author":"Alberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1340","article-title":"Lung cancer screening practices of primary care physicians: results from a national survey","volume":"10","author":"Klabunde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.7748\/cnp.13.7.18.e1062","article-title":"Lung cancer screening: the opportunity to increase survival","volume":"13","author":"Kinczewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs. Pract."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-014-9636-z","article-title":"Lung cancer screening beyond low-dose computed tomography: the role of novel biomarkers","volume":"192","author":"Hasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2771","article-title":"Screening for lung cancer: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement","volume":"160","author":"Moyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2904","article-title":"Screening for lung cancer: moving into a new era","volume":"160","author":"Detterbeck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2009.09.003","article-title":"Population-based trends in lung cancer incidence in women","volume":"36","author":"Egleston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Oncol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.07.08","article-title":"Proportion of lung adenocarcinoma in female never-smokers has increased dramatically over the past 28 years","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg179","article-title":"Blood pressure, smoking, and the incidence of lung cancer in hypertensive men in North Karelia, Finland","volume":"158","author":"Lindgren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib33","first-page":"14","article-title":"Etiology and management of hypertension in patients with cancer","volume":"7","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardio-Oncol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003528","article-title":"The effect of diabetes mellitus on lung cancer prognosis: a PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"95","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2017.1224","article-title":"Survival of patients with lung cancer and diabetes mellitus","volume":"6","author":"Kurishima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.3.590","article-title":"Diabetes and the risk of lung cancer","volume":"28","author":"Hall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2012.12.002","article-title":"Family history of lung cancer in never smokers with non-small-cell lung cancer and its association with tumors harboring EGFR mutations","volume":"79","author":"Gaughan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.01.038","article-title":"Increased risk of lung cancer in individuals with a family history of the disease: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium","volume":"48","author":"Cot\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.4.968","article-title":"Association between lung cancer incidence and family history of lung cancer: data from a large-scale population-based cohort study, the JPHC study","volume":"130","author":"Nitadori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["Cancer Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877782123001194?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877782123001194?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T05:33:49Z","timestamp":1761802429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877782123001194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S1877782123001194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-7821"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-7821","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lung cancer in nonsmokers- A risk factor analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cancer Epidemiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102439","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102439"}}