{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:02:27Z","timestamp":1780128147666,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006597","name":"Florida State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006597","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:52:03Z","timestamp":1763081523000},"page":"102959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Nutritional intake of \u03c9-3 fatty acid intake and clinical grade of prostate cancer"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6121-2627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagi B.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8002-4585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saira","family":"Bahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lemay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasreman","family":"Dhillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Poch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Manley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Pow-Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junmin","family":"Whiting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Schell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib1","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/prostate-cancer\/statistics\/index.html\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib2","author":"Atlanta","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.04.021","article-title":"2022 update on prostate cancer epidemiology and risk factors-a systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Bergengren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34433","article-title":"Racial disparities in Black men with prostate cancer: a literature review","volume":"128","author":"Lillard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2021.12.011","article-title":"Defining the impact of family history on detection of high-grade prostate cancer in a large multi-institutional cohort","volume":"82","author":"Clements","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.04.021","article-title":"2022 update on prostate cancer epidemiology and risk factors-a systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Bergengren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib7","first-page":"228","article-title":"The risk factors of prostate cancer and its prevention: a literature review","volume":"48","author":"Perdana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Med. Indones."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferr\u00eds-i-Tortajada J., Garc\u00eda-i-Castell J., Berbel-Tornero O., Ortega-Garc\u00eda J.A. [Constitutional risk factors in prostate cancer]. Actas Urol Esp. 2011;35(5):282-288. Epub. 2011\/03\/26. doi: 10.1016\/j.acuro.2010.12.009. PubMed PMID: 21435741.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuroe.2011.06.005"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-3342","article-title":"Identi-fication of differentially methylated genes in normal prostate tissues from African American and Caucasian men","volume":"16","author":"Kwabi-Addo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-018-0079-0","article-title":"Androgen-targeted therapy in men with prostate cancer: evolving practice and future considerations","volume":"22","author":"Crawford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2016.05.023","article-title":"The testosterone conundrum: the putative relationship between testosterone levels and prostate cancer","volume":"34","author":"Loughlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2018.02.007","volume":"5","author":"Brookman-May","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32656-2_1","article-title":"Diet and Lifestyle in Prostate Cancer","volume":"1210","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med Biol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102985","article-title":"Dietary Factors and Supplements Influencing Prostate Specific-Antigen (PSA) Concentrations in Men with Prostate Cancer and Increased Cancer Risk: An Evidence Analysis Review Based on Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"12","author":"Grammatikopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_sbref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2014.05.002","article-title":"A randomized trial of diet in men with early-stage prostate cancer on active surveillance: rationale and design of the Men's Eating and Living (MEAL) Study (CALGB 70807 [Alliance])","volume":"38","author":"Parsons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_sbref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0014","article-title":"Obesity, endogenous hormone metabolism, and prostate cancer risk: a conundrum of \"highs\" and \"lows\"","volume":"3","author":"Kaaks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0298","article-title":"Phase II prospective randomized trial of a low-fat diet with fish oil supplementation in men undergoing radical prostatectomy","volume":"4","author":"Aronson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib17","first-page":"727","article-title":"1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) inhibits the invasiveness of human prostate cancer cells","volume":"6","author":"Schwartz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib18","first-page":"655","article-title":"Seasonal variation in vitamin D, vitamin D binding protein, and dehydroepiandrosterone: Risk of prostate cancer in Black and white men","volume":"4","author":"Corder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib19","first-page":"847","article-title":"Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Finland)","volume":"11","author":"Ahonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.864","article-title":"Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)","volume":"301","author":"Lippman","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2010.509833","article-title":"A nutrient approach to prostate cancer prevention: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)","volume":"62","author":"Dunn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0324","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of green tea catechins for prostate cancer prevention","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2008.03.100","article-title":"Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by green tea catechins: two years later. A follow-up update","volume":"54","author":"Brausi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.12.010","article-title":"Soy isoflavones and prostate cancer: a review of molecular mechanisms","volume":"140","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid BioChem. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27529","article-title":"A phase II randomized clinical trial using aglycone isoflavones to treat patients with localized prostate cancer in the pre-surgical period prior to radical prostatectomy","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735419835310","article-title":"Soy isoflavones in integrative oncology: increased efficacy and decreased toxicity of cancer therapy","volume":"18","author":"Sahin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020222701007","article-title":"Effects of lycopene sup-plementation in patients with localized prostate cancer","volume":"227","author":"Kucuk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Results of a randomized clinical trial of the action of several doses of lycopene in localized prostate cancer: administration prior to radical prostatectomy","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Med Urol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2010.509833","article-title":"A nutrient approach to prostate cancer prevention: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)","volume":"62","author":"Dunn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2012.20","article-title":"A randomized phase II study of pomegranate extract for men with rising PSA following initial therapy for localized prostate cancer","volume":"16","author":"Paller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13372","article-title":"Resveratrol and pterostilbene as a microRNA-mediated chemopreventive and thera-peutic strategy in prostate cancer","volume":"1403","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051087","article-title":"Steroid receptor signallings as targets for resveratrol actions in breast and prostate cancer","volume":"20","author":"De Amicis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735416656052","article-title":"Fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids and prostate cancer: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Aucoin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib34","first-page":"446","article-title":"Role of diets rich in omega-3 and omega-6 in the development of cancer","volume":"73","author":"Huerta-Y\u00e9pez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bol. Med Hosp. Infant Mex."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib35","article-title":"Long chain omega-3 fatty acids and their oxidized metabolites are associated with reduced prostate tumor growth","volume":"164","author":"Bilodeau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Ess. Fat. Acids"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib36","first-page":"149","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids, genetic variants in COX-2 and prostate cancer","volume":"2","author":"Reese","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Nutr."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21359","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid selectively induces human prostate cancer cell sensi-tivity to oxidative stress through modulation of NF-\u03baB","volume":"71","author":"Cavazos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31494","article-title":"Modulation of prostate cancer genetic risk by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids","volume":"117","author":"Berquin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23706","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids decrease prostate cancer progression associated with an anti-tumor immune response in eugonadal and castrated mice","volume":"79","author":"Gevariya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29530","article-title":"Fish consumption and prostate cancer risk: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Szymanski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.204","article-title":"Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer","volume":"80","author":"Leitzmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1221029","article-title":"Fish consumption and risk of prostate cancer or its mortality: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"10","author":"Eshaghian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djt174","article-title":"Plasma phospholipid fatty acids and prostate cancer risk in the SELECT trial","volume":"105","author":"Brasky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr027","article-title":"Serum phospholipid fatty acids and prostate cancer risk: results from the prostate cancer pre-vention trial","volume":"173","author":"Brasky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib45","first-page":"211","article-title":"Circulating fatty acids and prostate cancer risk in a nested case\u2013control study: the multiethnic cohort","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27808","article-title":"Reply to CK Chow","volume":"89","author":"Crowe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0298","article-title":"Phase II prospective randomized trial of a low-fat diet with fish oil supplementa-tion in men undergoing radical prostatectomy","volume":"4","author":"Aronson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071616","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids survey in men under active surveillance for prostate cancer: from intake to prostate tissue level","volume":"11","author":"Moussa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735416656052","article-title":"Fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids and prostate cancer: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Aucoin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2015.1015745","article-title":"Meta-analysis of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC\u03c9-3PUFA) and prostate cancer","volume":"67","author":"Alexander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071470","article-title":"Validation of a Dietary Questionnaire to Screen Omega-3 Fatty Acids Levels in Healthy Adults","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2017.07.019","article-title":"A partnership for public health: USDA branded food products database","volume":"64","author":"Kretser","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.158295","article-title":"Changes in erythrocyte membrane trans and marine fatty acids between 1999 and 2006 in older Americans","volume":"142","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.04.002","article-title":"Assessing long-chain \u03c9-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a tailored food-frequency questionnaire is better","volume":"29","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0494-3","article-title":"The validity of a food frequency questionnaire as a measure of PUFA status in pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Parker","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib56","article-title":"Validation of an abbreviated food frequency questionnaire for estimating DHA intake of pregnant women in the United States","volume":"177","author":"Crawford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Ess. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115101","article-title":"A study of the impact of confounder-selection criteria on effect estimation","volume":"129","author":"Mickey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"147","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041257","article-title":"Challenges to recruiting men on active surveillance for prostate cancer in clinical chemoprevention trials","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.7","article-title":"Validation of the omega-3 fatty acid intake measured by a web-based food frequency questionnaire against omega-3 fatty acids in red blood cells in men with prostate cancer","volume":"69","author":"Allaire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Cancer Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S187778212500219X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S187778212500219X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T07:36:43Z","timestamp":1780126603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S187778212500219X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["S187778212500219X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-7821"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-7821","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Nutritional intake of \u03c9-3 fatty acid intake and clinical grade of prostate cancer","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cancer Epidemiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102959","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102959"}}