{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T15:19:12Z","timestamp":1778685552424,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004391","name":"China Medical University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR 109-250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR 109-250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004391","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106-2314-B-039-016-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106-2314-B-039-016-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T02:12:20Z","timestamp":1582683140000},"page":"60-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Betel quid\u2013associated cancer: Prevention strategies and targeted treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"477","author":[{"given":"Albert Min-Shan","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien-Hung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying-Chin","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tobacco habits other than smoking; betel-quid and areca-nut chewing; and some related nitrosamines. IARC Working Group. Lyon, 1984","volume":"37","year":"1985","journal-title":"IARC (Int. Agency Res. Cancer) Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risk Chem. Hum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut derived nitrosamines","volume":"85","year":"2004","journal-title":"IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Personal habits and indoor combustions. Volume 100 E. A review of human carcinogens","volume":"100","year":"2012","journal-title":"IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01132.x","article-title":"Betel quid chewing, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption related to oral cancer in Taiwan","volume":"24","author":"Ko","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(20000401)86:1<128::AID-IJC20>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Paan without tobacco: an independent risk factor for oral cancer","volume":"86","author":"Merchant","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11114","article-title":"Independent and combined effects of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking on the risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancers in Indian men","volume":"105","author":"Znaor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/230383a0","article-title":"Carcinogenic effect of a dimethyl sulphoxide extract of betel nut on the mucosa of the hamster buccal pouch","volume":"230","author":"Suri","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib8","first-page":"53","article-title":"Effect of betel nut on the buccal mucosa of the hamster cheek pouch: comparative histological study of Thai and Indian betel nut and di-methyl benzanthracene (DMBA)","volume":"33","author":"Weerapradist","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Dent. Assoc. Thai."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.1997.tb00047.x","article-title":"Cancer-promoting effect of Taiwan betel quid in hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2008.09.003","article-title":"Altered p53 response and enhanced transgenerational transmission of carcinogenic risk upon exposure of mice to betel nut","volume":"27","author":"Choudhury","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/77.3.777","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of betel quid. III. Enhancement of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide- and N-2-fluorenylacetamide-induced carcinogenesis in rats by subsequent administration of betel nut","volume":"77","author":"Tanaka","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01032602","article-title":"Arecoline tumorigenicity in Swiss strain mice on normal and vitamin B deficient diet","volume":"107","author":"Bhide","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Canc. Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0600402","article-title":"A metabolomic approach to the metabolism of the areca nut alkaloids arecoline and arecaidine in the mouse","volume":"19","author":"Giri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2006.10.017","article-title":"The metabolomics of (+\/-)-arecoline 1-oxide in the mouse and its formation by human flavin-containing monooxygenases","volume":"73","author":"Giri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(86)90162-X","article-title":"Oral lesions, genotoxicity and nitrosamines in betel quid chewers with no obvious increase in oral cancer risk","volume":"31","author":"Stich","year":"1986","journal-title":"Canc. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib16","first-page":"467","article-title":"3-(Methylnitrosamino)propionitrile: occurrence in saliva of betel quid chewers, carcinogenicity, and DNA methylation in F344 rats","volume":"47","author":"Prokopczyk","year":"1987","journal-title":"Canc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2004.12.002","article-title":"Mutagenic activation of betel quid-specific N-nitrosamines catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 coexpressed with NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in Salmonella typhimurium YG7108","volume":"581","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1990.tb00804.x","article-title":"A case-control study of oral submucous fibrosis with special reference to the etiologic role of areca nut","volume":"19","author":"Sinor","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1994.tb00258.x","article-title":"Role of areca nut in the causation of oral submucous fibrosis: a case-control study in Pakistan","volume":"23","author":"Maher","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600727","article-title":"The precancer risk of betel quid chewing, tobacco use and alcohol consumption in oral leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis in southern Taiwan","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2006.00400.x","article-title":"Effect of betel chewing, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on oral submucous fibrosis: a case-control study in Sri Lanka","volume":"35","author":"Ariyawardana","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2006.00491.x","article-title":"Malignant transformation in 1458 patients with potentially malignant oral mucosal disorders: a follow-up study based in a Taiwanese hospital","volume":"36","author":"Hsue","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-9-260","article-title":"Malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders in males: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9298203","article-title":"Role of lime in the generation of reactive oxygen species from betel-quid ingredients","volume":"98","author":"Nair","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/16.5.1195","article-title":"Ortho- and meta-tyrosine formation from phenylalanine in human saliva as a marker of hydroxyl radical generation during betel quid chewing","volume":"16","author":"Nair","year":"1995","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390500360224","article-title":"Ingredients contribute to variation in production of reactive oxygen species by areca quid","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.039","article-title":"Intoxication and substance use disorder to Areca catechu nut containing betel quid: a review of epidemiological evidence, pharmacological basis and social factors influencing quitting strategies","volume":"179","author":"Osborne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4307","article-title":"Association of DSM-5 betel-quid use disorder with oral potentially malignant disorder in 6 betel-quid endemic Asian populations","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66658-5","article-title":"Oral Cancer Screening Study, Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"365","author":"Sankaranarayanan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.20276","article-title":"Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic significance of betel quid chewing in squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa in Taiwan","volume":"91","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"6","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.03.012","article-title":"Composition of betel specific chemicals in saliva during betel chewing for the identification of biomarkers","volume":"80","author":"Franke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1912","article-title":"Pilot study of the pharmacokinetics of betel nut and betel quid biomarkers in saliva, urine, and hair of betel consumers","volume":"8","author":"Franke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.6.325","article-title":"Quantification of blood betel quid alkaloids and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in humans and their association with betel chewing habits","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.1021\/jf104831n","article-title":"Arecoline N-oxide: its mutagenicity and possible role as ultimate carcinogen in areca oral carcinogenesis","volume":"59","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5787","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b01351","article-title":"Fibrotic effects of arecoline N-oxide in oral potentially malignant disorders","volume":"63","author":"Kuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b03999","article-title":"Arecoline N-oxide upregulates caspase-8 expression in oral hyperplastic lesions of mice","volume":"65","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13984","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28084","article-title":"Arecoline N-oxide regulates oral squamous cell carcinoma development through NOTCH1 and FAT1 expressions","volume":"234","author":"Kuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2011.02.014","article-title":"Arecoline-mediated inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase through reactive oxygen species is required for apoptosis induction","volume":"47","author":"Yen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib40","article-title":"Elevated snail expression mediates tumor progression in areca quid chewing-associated oral squamous cell carcinoma via reactive oxygen species","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-14-99","article-title":"Malignant transformation in 5071 southern Taiwanese patients with potentially malignant oral mucosal disorders","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt012","article-title":"Areca nut-induced buccal mucosa fibroblast contraction and its signaling: a potential role in oral submucous fibrosis--a precancer condition","volume":"34","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24667","article-title":"STRESS-responsive deacetylase SIRT3 is up-regulated by areca nut extract-induced oxidative stress in human oral keratinocytes","volume":"115","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib44","article-title":"Areca nut components affect COX-2, cyclin B1\/cdc25C and keratin expression, PGE2 production in keratinocyte is related to reactive oxygen species, CYP1A1, Src, EGFR and Ras signaling","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_551_16","article-title":"A comparative study to evaluate the efficacy of lycopene and curcumin in oral submucous fibrosis patients: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Saran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12947","article-title":"Comparison of therapeutic response of lycopene and curcumin in oral submucous fibrosis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Piyush","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24014","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24014","article-title":"Somatic mutations and genetic variants of NOTCH1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma occurrence and development","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0259","article-title":"Combined genetic biomarkers and betel quid chewing for identifying high-risk group for oral cancer occurrence","volume":"10","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Canc. Prev. Res. (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210901","article-title":"Variants in FAT1 and COL9A1 genes in male population with or without substance use to assess the risk factors for oral malignancy","volume":"14","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510373763","article-title":"A community-based RCT for oral cancer screening with toluidine blue","volume":"89","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2011.09.014","article-title":"Visual screening of oral cavity cancer in a male population: experience from a medical center","volume":"74","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2012.11.004","article-title":"Long term effect of visual screening on oral cancer incidence and mortality in a randomized trial in Kerala, India","volume":"49","author":"Sankaranarayanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30517","article-title":"Population-based screening program for reducing oral cancer mortality in 2,334,299 Taiwanese cigarette smokers and\/or betel quid chewers","volume":"123","author":"Chuang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.25579","article-title":"Impact of varying anatomic sites on advanced stage and survival of oral cancer: 9-year prospective cohort of 27 717 cases","volume":"41","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06673-3","article-title":"Preventive effect of celecoxib use against cancer progression and occurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Chiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-016-0844-2","article-title":"Betel nut chewing history is an independent prognosticator for smoking patients with locally advanced stage IV head and neck squamous cell carcinoma receiving induction chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2247-3","article-title":"Lymph node density as a prognostic predictor in patients with betel nut-related oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S1726-4901(10)70064-2","article-title":"Cetuximab-based therapy in recurrent\/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: experience from an area in which betel nut chewing is popular","volume":"73","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20619","article-title":"Independent and combined effects of alcohol intake, tobacco smoking and betel quid chewing on the risk of esophageal cancer in Taiwan","volume":"113","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E733","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27401","article-title":"The neoplastic impact of tobacco-free betel-quid on the histological type and the anatomical site of aerodigestive tract cancers","volume":"131","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22324","article-title":"Anatomical subsite discrepancy in relation to the impact of the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and betel quid on esophageal cancer","volume":"120","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21237","article-title":"Different impact from betel quid, alcohol and cigarette: risk factors for pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer","volume":"117","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2011.01022.x","article-title":"The use of tobacco-free betel-quid in conjunction with alcohol\/tobacco impacts early-onset age and carcinoma distribution for upper aerodigestive tract cancer","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2012.04.008","article-title":"Nuclear factor kappaB and cyclooxygenase-2 immunoexpression in oral dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Pontes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-005-0195-8","article-title":"Analysis of saliva for glutathione and metabolically related thiols by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection","volume":"28","author":"Bald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.107961","article-title":"Betel-quid dependence and oral potentially malignant disorders in six Asian countries","volume":"201","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12530","article-title":"Betel-quid dependence domains and syndrome associated with betel-quid ingredients among chewers: an Asian multi-country evidence","volume":"109","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1457-9","article-title":"Assessing the accuracy of autofluorescence, chemiluminescence and toluidine blue as diagnostic tools for oral potentially malignant disorders--a clinicopathological evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Awan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/710803","article-title":"Development of a novel embedded relay lens microscopic hyperspectral imaging system for cancer diagnosis: use of the mice with oral cancer to be the example","author":"Hsieh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Spectrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201400091","article-title":"Potential biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma: proteomics discovery and clinical validation","volume":"9","author":"Ni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proteonomics Clin. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2011.00331.x","article-title":"Monoamine oxidase A variants are associated with heavy betel quid use","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib72","first-page":"303","article-title":"Effect of dichloromethane fraction of Areca catechu nut on monoamines associated behaviors and tyramine pressor sensitivity in rodents","volume":"27","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70181-5","article-title":"Cisplatin and fluorouracil with or without panitumumab in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SPECTRUM): an open-label phase 3 randomised trial","volume":"14","author":"Vermorken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70215-8","article-title":"EGFR-directed treatments in SCCHN","volume":"14","author":"Vokes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602252","article-title":"Nivolumab for recurrent squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck","volume":"375","author":"Ferris","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200006293422603","article-title":"The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis","volume":"342","author":"Steinbach","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm201","article-title":"Characterization of arecoline-induced effects on cytotoxicity in normal human gingival fibroblasts by global gene expression profiling","volume":"100","author":"Chiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8489","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-0823","article-title":"Up-regulation of inflammatory signalings by areca nut extract and role of cyclooxygenase-2 -1195G>a polymorphism reveal risk of oral cancer","volume":"68","author":"Chiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Canc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6054","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.6054","article-title":"A phase II randomized control trial of erlotinib in combination with celecoxib in patients with operable oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC): Erlo-Xib Study","volume":"37","author":"Nair","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2009.04.004","article-title":"Arecoline-stimulated connective tissue growth factor production in human buccal mucosal fibroblasts: modulation by curcumin","volume":"45","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b00975","article-title":"The essential medicinal chemistry of curcumin","volume":"60","author":"Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-019-02083-9","article-title":"Mutational signatures and mutagenic impacts associated with betel quid chewing in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"138","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1888","article-title":"Mutational signatures and the genomic landscape of betel quid chewing-associated tongue carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Canc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D941","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1015","article-title":"COSMIC: the catalogue of somatic mutations in cancer","volume":"47","author":"Tate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24728","article-title":"Prevalence of promoter mutations in the TERT gene in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"39","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3873","article-title":"Consortium. Mutational landscape of gingivo-buccal oral squamous cell carcinoma reveals new recurrently-mutated genes and molecular subgroups","volume":"4","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Cancer Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304383520300999?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304383520300999?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:52:51Z","timestamp":1778683971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304383520300999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["S0304383520300999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-3835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-3835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Betel quid\u2013associated cancer: Prevention strategies and targeted treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cancer Letters","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.030","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}