{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T18:46:38Z","timestamp":1789411598433,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T23:46:32Z","timestamp":1730504792000},"page":"217317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Immune checkpoint inhibitors as first-line treatment for brain metastases in stage IV NSCLC patients without driver mutations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"606","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6040-7190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Suay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan-Carlos","family":"Garcia-Ca\u00f1averas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Aparisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Juan-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Lahoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.4932","article-title":"Update of incidence, prevalence, survival, and initial treatment in patients with non\u2013small cell lung cancer in the US","volume":"7","author":"Ganti","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx033","article-title":"European cancer mortality predictions for the year 2017, with focus on lung cancer","volume":"28","author":"Malvezzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2018.05.015","article-title":"Non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases and the immune system: from brain metastases development to treatment","volume":"68","author":"El Rassy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.10.27","article-title":"The risk factors for brain metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"6","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S298","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr.2019.05.15","article-title":"Brain metastases in oncogene-driven non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"8","author":"Nishino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Lung Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2013.10.001","article-title":"The role of the tumor-microenvironment in lung cancer-metastasis and its relationship to potential therapeutic targets","volume":"40","author":"Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00228-2","article-title":"Cemiplimab monotherapy for first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 of at least 50%: a multicentre, open-label, global, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"397","author":"Sezer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606774","article-title":"Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1\u2013positive non\u2013small-cell lung cancer","volume":"375","author":"Reck","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917346","article-title":"Atezolizumab for first-line treatment of PD-L1\u2013selected patients with NSCLC","volume":"383","author":"Herbst","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801005","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in metastatic non\u2013small-cell lung cancer","volume":"378","author":"Gandhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1810865","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for squamous non\u2013small-cell lung cancer","volume":"379","author":"Paz-Ares","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716948","article-title":"Atezolizumab for first-line treatment of metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC","volume":"378","author":"Socinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30641-0","article-title":"First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab combined with two cycles of chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 9LA): an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"22","author":"Paz-Ares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01977-y","article-title":"Cemiplimab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized, controlled, double-blind phase 3 trial","volume":"28","author":"Gogishvili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910231","article-title":"Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"381","author":"Hellmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib17","first-page":"162","article-title":"Long-term overall survival from KEYNOTE-021 cohort G: pemetrexed and carboplatin with or without pembrolizumab as first-line therapy for advanced nonsquamous NSCLC","volume":"16","author":"Awad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol Off Publ Int Assoc Study Lung Cancer."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2016.00049","article-title":"Systemic immunotherapy for the treatment of brain metastases","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312654","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier in brain tumors: biology and clinical relevance","volume":"22","author":"Mo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.15469","article-title":"Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors according to programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and brain metastasis: A real-world prospective observational study","author":"Masuda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.10.001","article-title":"Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"33","author":"Haanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib22","first-page":"1883","article-title":"Outcomes with pembrolizumab plus platinum-based chemotherapy for patients with NSCLC and stable brain metastases: pooled analysis of KEYNOTE-021, -189, and -407","volume":"16","author":"Powell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol Off Publ Int Assoc Study Lung Cancer."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02314","article-title":"Treatment for brain metastases: ASCO-SNO-ASTRO guideline","volume":"40","author":"Vogelbaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.07.016","article-title":"EANO-ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with brain metastasis from solid tumours","volume":"32","author":"Le Rhun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20928","article-title":"Innate immunity and neuroinflammation in the CNS: the role of microglia in Toll-like receptor-mediated neuronal injury","volume":"58","author":"Lehnardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227901","article-title":"Microglia: scapegoat, saboteur, or something else?","volume":"339","author":"Aguzzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-009-8077-9","article-title":"The multifaceted profile of activated microglia","volume":"40","author":"Lynch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10253","article-title":"Cytokines, chemokines, and cytokine receptors in human microglia","volume":"69","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.10.052","article-title":"Macrophage ontogeny underlies differences in tumor-specific education in brain malignancies","volume":"17","author":"Bowman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.04.047","article-title":"Microglia","volume":"18","author":"Soulet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Biol CB"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03780-z","article-title":"Image based Machine Learning for identification of macrophage subsets","volume":"7","author":"Rostam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2005.00648.x","article-title":"Does drug abuse alter microglial phenotype and cell turnover in the context of advancing HIV infection?","volume":"31","author":"Anthony","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20951995","article-title":"Regulation of blood-brain barrier integrity by microglia in health and disease: a therapeutic opportunity","volume":"40","author":"Ronaldson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab Off J Int Soc Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.2741\/4573","article-title":"The roles of microglia\/macrophages in tumor progression of brain cancer and metastatic disease","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Biosci Landmark"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adj9672","article-title":"Anti\u2013PD-1 cancer immunotherapy induces central nervous system immune-related adverse events by microglia activation","volume":"16","author":"Vinnakota","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3531","article-title":"A new type of microglia gene targeting shows TAK1 to be pivotal in CNS autoimmune inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Goldmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04251-3","article-title":"Central nervous systemic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and concordance between intra\/extracranial response in non-small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastasis","volume":"149","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.875488","article-title":"The long-term and short-term efficacy of immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Chu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2023.2238374","article-title":"Regression of a melanoma brain metastasis that had appeared after immune checkpoint inhibitor discontinuation: a hypothesis-generating case","volume":"78","author":"Pierrard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Belg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00300","article-title":"Resolving astrocyte heterogeneity in the CNS","volume":"11","author":"Farmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070918-050443","article-title":"The emerging nature of astrocyte diversity","volume":"42","author":"Khakh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.01.040","article-title":"Serpins promote cancer cell survival and vascular co-option in brain metastasis","volume":"156","author":"Valiente","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-010-9354-8","article-title":"Interaction between lung cancer cells and astrocytes via specific inflammatory cytokines in the microenvironment of brain metastasis","volume":"28","author":"Seike","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4509","article-title":"Astrocytes facilitate melanoma brain metastasis via secretion of IL-23","volume":"236","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0270","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids from astrocytes activate PPAR\u03b3 signaling in cancer cells to promote brain metastasis","volume":"9","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0044-4","article-title":"STAT3 labels a subpopulation of reactive astrocytes required for brain metastasis","volume":"24","author":"Priego","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.1","article-title":"Regulatory T cell memory","volume":"16","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-24-0134","article-title":"TIMP1 mediates astrocyte-dependent local immunosuppression in brain metastasis acting on infiltrating CD8+ T cells","author":"Priego","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071632","article-title":"Silibinin regulates tumor progression and tumorsphere formation by suppressing PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells","volume":"10","author":"Rugamba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2757","article-title":"Astroglial networks: a step further in neuroglial and gliovascular interactions","volume":"11","author":"Giaume","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2374","article-title":"Ca2+ signalling checkpoints in cancer: remodelling Ca2+ for cancer cell proliferation and survival","volume":"8","author":"Roderick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.10602","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes protect melanoma cells from chemotherapy by sequestering intracellular calcium through gap junction communication channels","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neoplasia N Y N"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib53","article-title":"Activation of astrocytes by ANXA2-derived extracellular vesicles from lung cancer cells affects aggressiveness, immunotherapy response and microenvironment of lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1467538","article-title":"The regulation of inflammation by innate and adaptive lymphocytes","volume":"2018","author":"Cronkite","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3407","article-title":"Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"19","author":"Obermeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in systemic infection and inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Galea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0205-x","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier and blood-tumour barrier in brain tumours and metastases","volume":"20","author":"Arvanitis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1057388","article-title":"Density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes correlates with extent of brain edema and overall survival time in patients with brain metastases","volume":"5","author":"Berghoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00545-3","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of patients with active melanoma brain metastases treated with combination nivolumab plus ipilimumab (CheckMate 204): final results of an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study","volume":"22","author":"Tawbi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002684","article-title":"Spatially resolved analysis of the T cell immune contexture in lung cancer-associated brain metastases","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw289","article-title":"Temporal and spatial discordance of programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression and lymphocyte tumor infiltration between paired primary lesions and brain metastases in lung cancer","volume":"27","author":"Mansfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-11875-w","article-title":"Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of tumor immune microenvironment between primary tumor and brain metastases in NSCLC","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21789-x","article-title":"Immune cell profiling of the cerebrospinal fluid enables the characterization of the brain metastasis microenvironment","volume":"12","author":"Rubio-Perez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25860-5","article-title":"Genomic and transcriptomic correlates of immunotherapy response within the tumor microenvironment of leptomeningeal metastases","volume":"12","author":"Prakadan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-5214-8","article-title":"Differences in tumor microenvironments between primary lung tumors and brain metastases in lung cancer patients: therapeutic implications for immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0000000000000162","volume":"24","author":"Hendry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.4933","article-title":"Association of machine learning-based assessment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes on standard histologic images with outcomes of immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC","volume":"9","author":"Rakaee","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.03.012","article-title":"Balancing the count: harmonizing panel-based tumor mutational burden assessment","volume":"15","author":"Sutherland","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tumor mutational burden is site specific in non\u2013small-cell lung cancer and is highest in lung adenocarcinoma brain metastases","author":"Stein","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCO Precis Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4892","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-1507","article-title":"Successful treatment of melanoma brain metastases with adoptive cell therapy","volume":"16","author":"Hong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3239","article-title":"The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Pardoll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.04.005","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights","volume":"335","author":"Coutinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-024-03772-9","article-title":"Negative association of steroids with immunotherapy efficacy in a multi-tumor cohort: time and dose-dependent","volume":"73","author":"Albarr\u00e1n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70090-6","article-title":"Ipilimumab in patients with melanoma and brain metastases: an open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"13","author":"Margolin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.60.8448","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events, need for systemic immunosuppression, and effects on survival and time to treatment failure in patients with melanoma treated with ipilimumab at memorial sloan kettering cancer center","volume":"33","author":"Horvat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib76","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neurological adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: review of the literature","volume":"73","author":"Cuzzubbo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17040501","article-title":"Neurological adverse events related to immune checkpoint inhibitors: a practical review","volume":"17","author":"Zammit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.3923","article-title":"Fatal toxic effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00600-w","article-title":"Immune-checkpoint inhibitors: long-term implications of toxicity","volume":"19","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805453","article-title":"Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in melanoma metastatic to the brain","volume":"379","author":"Tawbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30111-X","article-title":"Pembrolizumab for management of patients with NSCLC and brain metastases: long-term results and biomarker analysis from a non-randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"21","author":"Goldberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4478","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.02561","article-title":"Phase II trial of atezolizumab combined with carboplatin and pemetrexed for patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer with untreated brain metastases (Atezo-Brain, GECP17\/05)","volume":"41","author":"Nadal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30801-0","volume":"21","author":"Garassino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34687","article-title":"Quality of life with cemiplimab plus chemotherapy for first-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer: patient-reported outcomes from phase 3 EMPOWER-Lung 3","volume":"129","author":"Makharadze","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.03158","article-title":"Safety and patient-reported outcomes of atezolizumab plus chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab versus bevacizumab plus chemotherapy in non\u2013small-cell lung cancer","volume":"38","author":"Reck","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.0051","article-title":"Chronic immune-related adverse events following adjuvant anti\u2013PD-1 therapy for high-risk resected melanoma","volume":"7","author":"Patrinely","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006500","article-title":"Chronic immune-related adverse events in patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Barron","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2017.08.020","article-title":"Symptomatic pseudo-progression followed by significant treatment response in two lung cancer patients treated with immunotherapy","volume":"113","author":"Hochmair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung Cancer Amst Neth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib89","first-page":"e100","article-title":"Central nervous system pseudoprogression in a patient treated with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor","volume":"10","author":"Doherty","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol Off Publ Int Assoc Study Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7412","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-1624","article-title":"Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria","volume":"15","author":"Wolchok","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20210944","article-title":"Brain metastases: the role of clinical imaging","volume":"95","author":"Derks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.092163","article-title":"Dose-related patterns of glucocorticoid-induced side effects","volume":"68","author":"Huscher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.03136","article-title":"Updated analysis from KEYNOTE-189: pembrolizumab or placebo plus pemetrexed and platinum for previously untreated metastatic nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"38","author":"Gadgeel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.00975","article-title":"Durvalumab with or without tremelimumab in combination with chemotherapy as first-line therapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: the phase III POSEIDON study","volume":"41","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.669398","article-title":"Brain metastases status and immunotherapy efficacy in advanced lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib96","article-title":"Microenvironment and the progress of immunotherapy in clinical practice of NSCLC brain metastasis","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-022-03224-2","article-title":"Brain metastases and immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother CII"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2022.100465","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of first-line checkpoint inhibitors-based treatments for non-oncogene-addicted non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Siciliano","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.07.035","article-title":"Toxicity in combination immune checkpoint inhibitor and radiation therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"151","author":"Sha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol J Eur Soc Ther Radiol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib100","first-page":"1098","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors with or without radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn Basel Switz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11906-2","article-title":"Tumor-reprogrammed resident T cells resist radiation to control tumors","volume":"10","author":"Arina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5188","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-0145","article-title":"Radiotherapy and immunotherapy combinations in the treatment of patients with metastatic disease: current status and future focus","volume":"27","author":"Turchan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052494","article-title":"Radiation modulates the peptide repertoire, enhances MHC class I expression, and induces successful antitumor immunotherapy","volume":"203","author":"Reits","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138740","article-title":"Radiotherapy-exposed CD8+ and CD4+ neoantigens enhance tumor control","volume":"131","author":"Lhuillier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5058","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-3427","article-title":"Elective nodal irradiation attenuates the combinatorial efficacy of stereotactic radiation therapy and immunotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Marciscano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2021.08.005","article-title":"Central nervous system complications among oncology patients","volume":"36","author":"Winter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.10.026","article-title":"New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1)","volume":"45","author":"Eisenhauer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30074-8","article-title":"iRECIST: guidelines for response criteria for use in trials testing immunotherapeutics","volume":"18","author":"Seymour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4186","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-0798","article-title":"PD-1\/PD-L1 blockers in NSCLC brain metastases: challenging paradigms and clinical practice","volume":"26","author":"Eguren-Santamaria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e534","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00088-1","article-title":"Immunotherapy response assessment in neuro-oncology: a report of the RANO working group","volume":"16","author":"Okada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib111","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Outcome of patients with non-small cell lung cancer and brain metastases treated with checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Hendriks","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol Off Publ Int Assoc Study Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13823","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of immunotherapy on non\u2013small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2022.07.601","article-title":"EP08.01-029 NIVIPI-brain, A phase II study of nivolumab plus ipilimumab combined with chemotherapy for patients with NSCLC and synchronous brain metastases","volume":"17","author":"Nadal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12622","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612622","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in \u201cSpecial\u201d NSCLC Populations: A Viable Approach?","volume":"24","author":"Bronte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233761","article-title":"Novel nano-drug delivery system for brain tumor treatment","volume":"11","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c04753","article-title":"A biomimetic drug delivery system by integrating grapefruit extracellular vesicles and doxorubicin-loaded heparin-based nanoparticles for glioma therapy","volume":"21","author":"Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.03.029","article-title":"BBB-crossing adeno-associated virus vector: an excellent gene delivery tool for CNS disease treatment","volume":"333","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Control Release Off J Control Release Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.670313","article-title":"Combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-angiogenic agents in brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12645-023-00174-x","article-title":"Nanoparticles advanced from preclinical studies to clinical trials for lung cancer therapy","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Nanotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-021-02103-w","article-title":"Pharmaceutical applications of quantum dots","volume":"22","author":"Gour","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100078","article-title":"Nanotechnology: breaking the current treatment limits of lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.12.001","article-title":"Nanomaterials for brain metastasis","volume":"365","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Controlled Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317_bib123","author":"Kluger"}],"container-title":["Cancer Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304383524007122?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304383524007122?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T00:25:44Z","timestamp":1731716744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304383524007122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":123,"alternative-id":["S0304383524007122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-3835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-3835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors as first-line treatment for brain metastases in stage IV NSCLC patients without driver mutations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cancer Letters","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217317","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"217317"}}